Hearsay and Appearance
Japanese Grammar 3
Course 3 ยท Chapter 8 ยท Hearsay and Appearance
๐ Hearsay and Appearance โ ใคใใใใใ ใจ ใฟใใ
Japanese is careful about how you know something. Did you hear it from someone? Does it merely look that way? Do you infer it from evidence? Is it only a possibility? Each source has its own ending. This chapter gives you the whole set: ใใใ (two different meanings), ใใใ / ใฟใใ, ใใใ, and the certainty scale ใฏใ, ใใใใใชใ, ใงใใใ.
1. ใใใ : looks like (appearance)
Attach ใใ to the stem (no ใ or ใ): "looks as if, seems about to".
| Type | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Verb | ใพใ-stem + ใใ | ใใใ ใตใใใใงใใ It looks like rain. ใใฎ ใณใใใฏ ใใกใใใงใใ This glass looks about to fall. |
| ใ-adjective | drop ใ + ใใ | ใใใใใใช ใฑใผใญ a delicious-looking cake ใใใใใงใใญใ It looks expensive. |
| ใช-adjective | stem + ใใ | ใใใฏ ใใใใใใงใใ He looks well. |
| Exceptions | ใใ โ ใใใใ; ใชใ โ ใชใใใ | ใใใใใช ใใใซ a good-looking hotel ใใใญใ ใชใใใใงใใ He seems to have no money. |
| Negative | stem + ใชใใใ / ใใชใ โ ใใชใใใ | ใใใฏ ใตใใชใใใใงใใ It doesn't look like rain. ใใใใชใใใใงใใ It doesn't look expensive. |
ใใใ works like a ใช-adjective: ใใใใใใช ใฑใผใญ, ใใใใใใซ ใในใ. It is not used with nouns, and it describes how something looks to you, not what you have been told.
2. ใใใ : I hear that (hearsay)
The plain form + ใใใ reports information from someone else. The source is usually marked with ใซใใใจ or ใฎ ใฏใชใใงใฏ.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใฆใใใใปใใซ ใใใจใใใใใฏ ใใใ ใตใใใใงใใ | According to the forecast, it will rain tomorrow. |
| ใใชใใใใฏ ใใใใใซ ใใฃใใใใงใใ | I hear that Mr Tanaka went on a trip. |
| ใใฎ ใใใซใฏ ใใใใ ใใใงใใ | They say that hotel is quiet. |
3. ใใใ and ใฟใใ: seems, like
ใใใ says "it seems / it appears", usually from your own observation or evidence. ใฟใใ is the conversational equivalent.
| Type | ใใใ / ใใใงใ | ใฟใใ (casual) |
|---|---|---|
| Verb (plain) | ใ ใใ ใใใใใงใใ | ใ ใใ ใใใฟใใใ |
| ใ-adjective | ใใฎ ในใผใใฏ ใใคใใใใงใใ | ใใคใใฟใใใ |
| ใช-adjective | ใใใฏ ใฒใพใช ใใใงใใ (ใช) | ใฒใพใฟใใใ (no ใช) |
| Noun | ใใใฎ ใใใงใใ (ใฎ) | ใใใฟใใใ |
Both also express similes: ใใใฎ ใใใช ใฏใชใ ("a story like a dream"), ใใฉใใฎ ใใใซ ใฏใใใ ("to frolic like a child"), ใใใฟใใใซ ใใใ ("white like snow").
4. ใใใ: apparently, typical of
| Meaning | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Hearsay / inference from information | ใใใใฏ ใใใ ใตใใใใใงใใ | Apparently it's going to rain tomorrow. |
| Typical of (noun + ใใใ) | ใใใใใใใ ใตใใใ ใใใฏ ใใจใใใใ ใฒใจใงใใ | student-like clothes He's a manly person. |
5. How certain? ใฏใ, ใใใใใชใ, ใงใใใ
| Expression | Certainty | Attaches to | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใซ ใกใใใชใ | almost certain | plain; noun / ใช-adj without ใ | ใใใฏ ใใฃใใ ใใใซ ใกใใใชใใ He is sure to come. |
| ใใฏใ | expected (on good grounds) | plain; Nใฎ ใฏใ; ใช-adj ใช ใฏใ | ใใใฏ ใใ ใฏใใงใใ He should be coming. |
| ใใงใใใ / ใ ใใ | probably | plain; noun / ใช-adj without ใ | ใใใใฏ ใฏใใใงใใใใ It will probably be clear. |
| ใใใใใใชใ | possibly | plain; noun / ใช-adj without ใ | ใใใ ใตใใใใใใพใใใ It might rain. |
| Pattern | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใใฏใใ ใชใ | ใใใ ใใฃใฆใใ ใฏใใ ใใใพใใใ | He can't possibly know. |
| ใใฏใใ ใฃใ | ใใฎใ ใคใ ใฏใใงใใใ | It was supposed to arrive yesterday. |
| ใใงใใใ๏ผ (rising) | ใใใใใใใใงใใใ๏ผ | This is tasty, isn't it? |
| ใใใ (casual) | ใใ ใใใ | Maybe. |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Evidence, rumour and doubt.
โ The weather
โก A rumour
โข Guessing
๐ Quick Reference
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| stem + ใใ | looks like | ใตใใใ; ใใใใใ; ใใใใ |
| plain + ใใใ | I hear that | ใตใใใใ |
| plain + ใใใ / ใฟใใ | seems | ใใใใใ |
| plain + ใใใ | apparently | ใตใใใใ |
| Nใใใ | typical of | ใใใใใใใ |
| plain + ใฏใ | should be | ใใ ใฏใ |
| plain + ใใใใใชใ | might | ใตใใใใใใชใ |
| plain + ใงใใใ | probably | ใฏใใใงใใใ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Say "It looks delicious." (ใใใใ)
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ใใใใใใงใใ
2. Say "It looks good." (ใใ)
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ใใใใใงใใ
3. Say "He doesn't look busy."
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ใใใฏ ใใใใใใชใใใใงใใ
4. Say "I hear he's moving next month."
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ใใใฏ ใใใใค ใฒใฃใใใใใงใใ
5. Say "According to the news, there was an accident." (ใใ)
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ใใฅใผในใซ ใใใจใใใใ ใใฃใใใใงใใ
6. Say "It seems someone is in the room."
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ใธใใซ ใ ใใ ใใใใใงใใ
7. Say "She looks like a child" in a casual way.
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ใใฎใใใฏ ใใฉใใฟใใใ
8. Say "He should be at home now."
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ใใใฏ ใใพ ใใใซ ใใ ใฏใใงใใ
9. Say "It might snow tomorrow."
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ใใใ ใใใ ใตใใใใใใพใใใ
10. Correct: ใใใใฏ ใใใ ใใใใใพใใใ
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ใใใใฏ ใใใใใใใพใใใ No ใ before ใใใใใชใ.