Giving and Receiving

Japanese Grammar 3

Course 3 ยท Chapter 9 ยท Giving and Receiving

๐ŸŽ Giving and Receiving โ€” ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใƒปใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†

English has one verb, "give". Japanese has several, and the choice depends on who gives to whom and on the speaker's point of view. The same three verbs are also attached to the te-form to say that someone does a favour for someone else. This chapter gives you the pattern and the polite versions.

The rule in one box ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹: I (or someone) give to another person. ใใ‚Œใ‚‹: another person gives to me (or my side). ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†: I receive from another person. Add the te-form for favours: ใ€œใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ / ใ€œใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ / ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†. The polite forms are ใ•ใ—ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใใ ใ•ใ‚‹, ใ„ใŸใ ใ.

1. The three verbs

VerbDirectionParticlesExample
ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹from me (or a third person) โ†’ anothergiver ใฏ/ใŒ, receiver ใซ, thing ใ‚’
I gave my friend a present.
ใใ‚Œใ‚‹from another โ†’ me (or my side)giver ใŒ, receiver ใซ, thing ใ‚’
My friend gave me a present.
ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†another โ†’ me (receiver is the subject)receiver ใฏ/ใŒ, giver ใซ / ใ‹ใ‚‰, thing ใ‚’
I received a present from my friend.

The same event can be said three ways, depending on whom you are talking about:

ViewpointSentence
The giver (me)
The giver (the friend), looking from my side
The receiver (me)
Watch out: ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ can't point toward me ร—ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใฏ ใ‚ใŸใ—ใซ ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ ใ‚ใ’ใพใ—ใŸ is wrong. When the receiver is me or my family, you must use ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ (or ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†). Similarly ร—ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใซ ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ is wrong. The rule: ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ points away from the speaker's circle, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ points toward it. ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ† can mark the giver with ใซ or ใ‹ใ‚‰; use ใ‹ใ‚‰ for institutions (ใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒใ‹ใ‚‰) and when the giver is a source.

2. Polite forms

PlainPolite equivalentUse
ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใ•ใ—ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ (humble)
ใ‚„ใ‚‹ (to inferiors, animals, plants)
I gave the teacher a souvenir.
I fed the dog.
ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใใ ใ•ใ‚‹ (honorific) The teacher gave me a book.
ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ใ„ใŸใ ใ (humble) I received a book from the teacher.

ใใ ใ•ใ‚‹ has an irregular polite stem: ใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ™, ใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“. The full system of honorific and humble verbs is the subject of Japanese Grammar 4. For now, learn these three as the polite counterparts, and use them with teachers, customers and superiors.

3. Favours with the te-form

Verb te-form + ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ / ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ / ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ† describes doing something for someone: a favour, a service, a kindness.

PatternMeaningExample
ใ€œใฆ ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹I do something for you / him
I carried my friend's luggage (for them).
ใ€œใฆ ใใ‚Œใ‚‹someone does something for me
My mother made dinner for me.
ใ€œใฆ ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†I have someone do something for me
I had my friend help me with my homework.
Polite favoursExample
ใ€œใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ‚‹ (someone above me does)
ใ€œใฆ ใ„ใŸใ ใ (I receive)
ใ€œใฆ ใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ (polite request)
Watch out: ใ€œใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ can sound condescending ใ€œใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ implies "I am doing you a favour", so it is risky with superiors and can sound smug even with friends. For offers, use ใ€œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ (ใซใ‚‚ใคใ‚’ ใ‚‚ใกใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹) or the humble ใŠใ€œใ—ใพใ™ (Japanese Grammar 4). ใ€œใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ and ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ† express gratitude and are very common: ใฆใคใ ใฃใฆ ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใฆใ€ใŸใ™ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ("Thanks to your help, I managed").

4. Point of view

SituationUseExample
Giver and receiver are both in my familyใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ Mother gave my sister a book. (neither is "outside", so the neutral verb is used)
Receiver is outside my circleใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹
Giver is outside, speaker takes receiver's sideใใ‚Œใ‚‹ (I feel the gift as a kindness to my family)
Equal third partiesใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹

The speaker's sympathy lies with the receiver. When the receiver is the speaker's family member or someone close, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ is natural even though that person is not "me".

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Gifts and favours.

โ‘  Birthday

A: What did you get for your birthday?
B: My mother gave me a sweater. My friend gave me a book.

โ‘ก Thanks

A: Thank you for your help.
B: Not at all. I also had my friend help.

โ‘ข A polite request

A: Excuse me, could you tell me the meaning of this word?
B: Yes, gladly.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

VerbMeaningPolite
ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹give (away from me)ใ•ใ—ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹; ใ‚„ใ‚‹ (to inferiors)
ใใ‚Œใ‚‹give (to me / my side)ใใ ใ•ใ‚‹
ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†receiveใ„ใŸใ ใ
ใ€œใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹do a favour for someone(avoid with superiors)
ใ€œใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹someone does me a favourใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ‚‹
ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†I get someone to do itใ€œใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Say "I gave my friend flowers."

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2. Say "My friend gave me flowers."

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3. Say "I received flowers from my friend."

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4. Say "The teacher gave me a pen." (polite)

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5. Say "I gave my teacher a gift." (polite)

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6. Say "My mother cooked for me."

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7. Say "I had a friend teach me Japanese."

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8. Say "I helped my friend move house." (ใฒใฃใ“ใ—)

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9. Make a polite request: "Could you check this for me?" (ใฟใ‚‹)

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10. Correct:

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The receiver is me, so ใใ‚Œใ‚‹.

Coming up in Chapter 10: The Passive. The forms for each group, direct and indirect passive, the agent with ใซ, the passive of annoyance, and how ใ€œ(ใ‚‰)ใ‚Œใ‚‹ relates to the potential.