Giving and Receiving
Japanese Grammar 3
Course 3 ยท Chapter 9 ยท Giving and Receiving
๐ Giving and Receiving โ ใใใใปใใใใปใใใ
English has one verb, "give". Japanese has several, and the choice depends on who gives to whom and on the speaker's point of view. The same three verbs are also attached to the te-form to say that someone does a favour for someone else. This chapter gives you the pattern and the polite versions.
1. The three verbs
| Verb | Direction | Particles | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใใ | from me (or a third person) โ another | giver ใฏ/ใ, receiver ใซ, thing ใ | ใใใใฏ ใจใใ ใกใซ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใ I gave my friend a present. |
| ใใใ | from another โ me (or my side) | giver ใ, receiver ใซ, thing ใ | ใจใใ ใกใ ใใใใซ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใ My friend gave me a present. |
| ใใใ | another โ me (receiver is the subject) | receiver ใฏ/ใ, giver ใซ / ใใ, thing ใ | ใใใใฏ ใจใใ ใกใซ / ใใ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใใพใใใ I received a present from my friend. |
The same event can be said three ways, depending on whom you are talking about:
| Viewpoint | Sentence |
|---|---|
| The giver (me) | ใใใใฏ ใจใใ ใกใซ ใปใใ ใใใพใใใ |
| The giver (the friend), looking from my side | ใจใใ ใกใ ใใใใซ ใปใใ ใใใพใใใ |
| The receiver (me) | ใใใใฏ ใจใใ ใกใซ ใปใใ ใใใใพใใใ |
2. Polite forms
| Plain | Polite equivalent | Use |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใ | ใใใใใ (humble) ใใ (to inferiors, animals, plants) | ใใใใใซ ใใฟใใใ ใใใใใพใใใ I gave the teacher a souvenir. ใใฌใซ ใใใ ใใใพใใใ I fed the dog. |
| ใใใ | ใใ ใใ (honorific) | ใใใใใ ใปใใ ใใ ใใใพใใใ The teacher gave me a book. |
| ใใใ | ใใใ ใ (humble) | ใใใใใซ ใปใใ ใใใ ใใพใใใ I received a book from the teacher. |
ใใ ใใ has an irregular polite stem: ใใ ใใใพใ, ใใ ใใใพใใ. The full system of honorific and humble verbs is the subject of Japanese Grammar 4. For now, learn these three as the polite counterparts, and use them with teachers, customers and superiors.
3. Favours with the te-form
Verb te-form + ใใใ / ใใใ / ใใใ describes doing something for someone: a favour, a service, a kindness.
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใฆ ใใใ | I do something for you / him | ใจใใ ใกใฎ ใซใใคใ ใใฃใฆ ใใใพใใใ I carried my friend's luggage (for them). |
| ใใฆ ใใใ | someone does something for me | ใฏใฏใ ใใฏใใ ใคใใฃใฆ ใใใพใใใ My mother made dinner for me. |
| ใใฆ ใใใ | I have someone do something for me | ใจใใ ใกใซ ใใ
ใใ ใใ ใฆใคใ ใฃใฆ ใใใใพใใใ I had my friend help me with my homework. |
| Polite favours | Example |
|---|---|
| ใใฆ ใใ ใใ (someone above me does) | ใใใใใ ใใใใฆ ใใ ใใใพใใใ |
| ใใฆ ใใใ ใ (I receive) | ใใใใใซ ใใใใฆ ใใใ ใใพใใใ |
| ใใฆ ใใใ ใใพใใใ (polite request) | ใใใใกใฉ ใใฃใฆ ใใใ ใใพใใใใ |
4. Point of view
| Situation | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Giver and receiver are both in my family | ใใใ | ใฏใฏใ ใใใใจใซ ใปใใ ใใใพใใใ Mother gave my sister a book. (neither is "outside", so the neutral verb is used) |
| Receiver is outside my circle | ใใใ | ใใใใจใฏ ใจใใ ใกใซ ใปใใ ใใใพใใใ |
| Giver is outside, speaker takes receiver's side | ใใใ | ใจใใ ใกใ ใใใใจใซ ใปใใ ใใใพใใใ (I feel the gift as a kindness to my family) |
| Equal third parties | ใใใ | ใใชใใใใฏ ใใใใใใซ ใปใใ ใใใพใใใ |
The speaker's sympathy lies with the receiver. When the receiver is the speaker's family member or someone close, ใใใ is natural even though that person is not "me".
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Gifts and favours.
โ Birthday
โก Thanks
โข A polite request
๐ Quick Reference
| Verb | Meaning | Polite |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใ | give (away from me) | ใใใใใ; ใใ (to inferiors) |
| ใใใ | give (to me / my side) | ใใ ใใ |
| ใใใ | receive | ใใใ ใ |
| ใใฆใใใ | do a favour for someone | (avoid with superiors) |
| ใใฆใใใ | someone does me a favour | ใใฆใใ ใใ |
| ใใฆใใใ | I get someone to do it | ใใฆใใใ ใ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Say "I gave my friend flowers."
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ใใใใฏ ใจใใ ใกใซ ใฏใชใ ใใใพใใใ
2. Say "My friend gave me flowers."
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ใจใใ ใกใ ใใใใซ ใฏใชใ ใใใพใใใ
3. Say "I received flowers from my friend."
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ใใใใฏ ใจใใ ใกใซ / ใใ ใฏใชใ ใใใใพใใใ
4. Say "The teacher gave me a pen." (polite)
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ใใใใใ ใใณใ ใใ ใใใพใใใ
5. Say "I gave my teacher a gift." (polite)
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ใใใใใซ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใใใพใใใ
6. Say "My mother cooked for me."
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ใฏใฏใ ใใใใใ ใคใใฃใฆ ใใใพใใใ
7. Say "I had a friend teach me Japanese."
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ใจใใ ใกใซ ใซใปใใใ ใใใใฆ ใใใใพใใใ
8. Say "I helped my friend move house." (ใฒใฃใใ)
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ใจใใ ใกใฎ ใฒใฃใใใ ใฆใคใ ใฃใฆ ใใใพใใใ
9. Make a polite request: "Could you check this for me?" (ใฟใ)
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ใใใ ใฟใฆ ใใใ ใใพใใใใ
10. Correct: ใจใใ ใกใฏ ใใใใซ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใ
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ใจใใ ใกใฏ ใใใใซ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใ The receiver is me, so ใใใ.