Quoting and Opinion

Japanese Grammar 3

Course 3 ยท Chapter 7 ยท Quoting and Opinion

๐Ÿ’ฌ Quoting and Opinion โ€” ใ„ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ† ใจ ใ„ใ‘ใ‚“

This chapter covers how to report what someone said, thought or asked: "He said he'd come", "I think it's good", "I don't know whether he'll come". Japanese uses one small particle for most of it, ใจ, plus ใ‹ for questions. Quoted material is always a plain-form clause placed before the verb of saying or thinking.

The rule in one box Quote + ใจ + say / think / hear: ใ‚ใ—ใŸ ใใ‚‹ใจ ใ„ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ. A plain-form clause + ใจ + ใ„ใ† / ใŠใ‚‚ใ† / ใใ / ใ—ใ‚‹ .... Questions use ใ‹ (ใ„ใใ‹ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“) and ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ for yes/no (ใ„ใใ‹ ใฉใ†ใ‹). ใจใ„ใ† names things or introduces a content clause. ใฃใฆ is the casual version of ใจ.

1. Direct and indirect quotation with ใจ่จ€ใ†

TypeExampleEnglish
Direct (exact words in ใ€Œ ใ€)Mr Tanaka said, "I'll be late tomorrow."
Indirect (plain form)Mr Tanaka said he would be late tomorrow.
NegativeHe said he wouldn't go.
PastShe said she went alone yesterday.
Adjective / noun
He said this book is interesting.
He said that person is a teacher.

In indirect speech the tense stays that of the original statement (the speaker's own perspective), not shifted "back" as in English: ("He said he would come tomorrow") keeps ใใ‚‹ in the present form.

Watch out: ใ  stays before ใจ A noun or ใช-adjective keeps ใ  before ใจ: ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ใ ใจ, ใ—ใšใ‹ใ ใจ. An ใ„-adjective takes none: ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ„ใจ. In polite speech the quoted part can be polite in direct quotation (ใ€Œใ„ใใพใ™ใ€ใจ ใ„ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ) but is plain in indirect quotation.

Reporting a request or command: ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†

JapaneseEnglish
The teacher told us to be quiet.
My mother told me to go to bed early.
The doctor told me not to drink alcohol.

2. Opinions with ใจๆ€ใ†

ใจๆ€ใ† (ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ†) states what you think or guess. The plain form comes before ใจ.

JapaneseEnglish
I think it will rain tomorrow.
I think this film was interesting.
I think he's free.
What do you think?
Watch out: the negative, and other people's thoughts "I don't think so" is usually ใ€œใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ‚ใชใ„ (ใใ†ใฏ ใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“), where the negation falls on ๆ€ใ†. ใ€œใชใ„ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ† ("I think he won't") is also correct but is less common for denying someone's view. For another person's thought, use ใ€œใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ (Japanese Grammar 2, Chapter 9): ใ‹ใ‚Œใฏ ใ™ใ ใใ‚‹ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™. Using ใŠใ‚‚ใ† alone about a third person is only natural in a narrative.

3. ใจใ„ใ†: "called" and content clauses

UseExampleEnglish
Naming
a shop called Sakura
a person named Tanaka
Content clause (what the noun says)
the story that he's moving
the news that my friend is getting married
Explaining a wordthe meaning of the word "sakura"

This is the pattern flagged in Chapter 2: nouns like ใฏใชใ—, ใ†ใ‚ใ•, ใ—ใ‚‰ใ›, ใ˜ใ˜ใค, ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒใˆ, ใใ‚‚ใก (a content that is not missing anything) take ใจใ„ใ†. Compare a relative clause: ใ‹ใ‚ŒใŒ ใ‹ใฃใŸ ใปใ‚“ (the book he bought) has a gap; ใ‹ใ‚ŒใŒ ใฒใฃใ“ใ™ใจใ„ใ† ใฏใชใ— does not.

4. ใฃใฆ: the casual quote

In everyday speech ใจ and ใจใ„ใ† become ใฃใฆ; ใจ ใ„ใ† becomes ใฃใฆ ใ„ใ† or just ใฃใฆ.

FormalCasual
(where is Tanaka?) (ใฃใฆ as a casual topic marker, "Tanaka, now, where is he?")

Sentence-final ใฃใฆ also reports hearsay: ("They say it will be rain tomorrow.") Chapter 8 covers the hearsay patterns formally.

5. Embedded questions: ใ‹ and ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹

A question inside a sentence takes ใ‹ and the plain form. No ใจ is needed:

PatternExampleEnglish
Question word + ใ‹I don't know who will come.
Question word + ใ‹I've decided what I want to eat.
Yes/no: ใ€œใ‹ ใฉใ†ใ‹I don't know whether he'll come or not.
Alternatives: A ใ‹ B ใ‹I can't decide between sushi and ramen.
Noun / ใช-adj (no ใ )
I don't know if it's true.
Please tell me whose bag it is.
Watch out: ใ‹ vs ใจ ใ€œใ‹ (ใฉใ†ใ‹) + ใ—ใ‚‹ / ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ / ใใ / ใŠใ—ใˆใ‚‹ uses ใ‹. A statement quoted uses ใจ. Compare ใ‹ใ‚ŒใŒ ใใ‚‹ใ‹ ใ—ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ (I don't know if he's coming) and ใ‹ใ‚ŒใŒ ใใ‚‹ใจ ใ—ใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ (I know that he is coming).

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Reporting, opining and wondering.

โ‘  Passing on a message

A: What did Mr Tanaka say?
B: He said he'd be a bit late and asked us to start first.

โ‘ก Opinions

A: What did you think of this film?
B: I thought it was a bit long, but it was good.

โ‘ข Uncertainty

A: Are you going to the party tomorrow?
B: I don't know yet whether I'll go. I'll call when I finish work.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

PatternMeaningExample
plain + ใจ ใ„ใ†says thatใใ‚‹ใจ ใ„ใฃใŸ
ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใ„ใ†tells (someone) toใ—ใšใ‹ใซ ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใ„ใฃใŸ
plain + ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ†thinks thatใตใ‚‹ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ†
Nใจ ใ„ใ† Ncalled; content clauseใ•ใใ‚‰ใจ ใ„ใ† ใฟใ›
plain + ใฃใฆcasual ใจ / ใจใ„ใ†ใใ‚‹ใฃใฆ ใ„ใฃใŸ
Q-word + ใ‹embedded questionใ ใ‚ŒใŒ ใใ‚‹ใ‹
ใ€œใ‹ ใฉใ†ใ‹whether or notใใ‚‹ใ‹ ใฉใ†ใ‹

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Turn into indirect speech:

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2. Say "He said it was expensive."

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(or , if it still is.)

3. Say "She said she was a doctor."

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4. Say "The teacher told me to read this book."

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5. Say "I think he's busy."

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6. Say "I don't think so."

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7. Say "a shop called Tsubaki."

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8. Say "I heard the news that he got married."

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9. Say "I don't know whether this is correct." (ใŸใ ใ—ใ„)

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10. Say it casually: "He said he's coming."

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Coming up in Chapter 8: Hearsay and Appearance. ใ€œใใ†ใ  (looks like / I hear), ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ใ  / ใ€œใฟใŸใ„, ใ€œใ‚‰ใ—ใ„, ใ€œใฏใš, ใ€œใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„, ใ€œใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.