Time Clauses

Japanese Grammar 3

Course 3 · Chapter 6 · Time Clauses

⏱️ Time Clauses — じかんの ぶん

"When I was a child", "before I sleep", "while I walk", "every time I go": Japanese puts these in front of the main clause, with a joining word that says how the two events relate in time. The tricky part is the tense inside the clause. It is decided by the order of events, not by the time of the sentence.

The rule in one box Time word after a plain-form clause: とき (when), まえに (before; dictionary form only), あとで (after; た-form), あいだ(に) (while), うちに (while still), ながら (stem + ながら, simultaneous), まで (until), たびに (every time). Nouns link with の.

1. とき: when

Plain form (noun + の, な-adjective + な) + とき. The tense of the とき clause shows whether its action is finished or not yet finished when the main event happens:

Clause tenseMeaningExample
Dictionary formthe action is not done yet (before / during)
When I was going to Japan, I bought a bag. (before leaving)
Past (た)the action is done (after)
When I went to Japan, I bought a bag. (in Japan)
JapaneseEnglish
When I was a child, I often swam in the pool.
When I'm free, I watch films.
When I leave home, I lock the door.
When I got home, the phone rang.
Watch out: the tense of the clause, not of the sentence English says "When I arrived" or "When I arrive" by the sentence tense. Japanese asks: is the とき action complete before the main action (た) or still going on / not started (dictionary form)? Compare でかける とき、かぎを かけた (as I went out, I locked it) and でかけた とき、かぎを かけて いなかった (when I had gone out, I hadn't locked it). With state verbs and adjectives the present is normal (わかい とき).

2. まえに and あとで: before and after

まえに (before)あとで (after)
Verb formdictionary form alwaysた-form always
Nounnoun の + まえにnoun の + あとで
Quantity2じかん まえに (2 hours ago / before)—
Example

Watch out: まえに never takes the past Even if the sentence is in the past, the まえに clause stays in the dictionary form: (not ねた まえに). Likewise あとで always takes the た-form, even in the future: (not たべる あとで). The event order decides, not the sentence tense.

3. あいだ and あいだに: while

Plain form (いる / ている for actions) + あいだ (throughout the whole time) or あいだに (at some point within it).

PatternMeaningExample
〜あいだfor the whole period
While my mother was shopping, I was reading.
〜あいだにat some moment within it
A call came while I was asleep.

4. うちに: while it's still ...

うちに says "while the condition still holds, before it changes". It follows states, 〜ている, adjectives, nouns+の and ない-forms.

JapaneseEnglish
Let's go home while it's still light.
Experience many things while you are young.
I'll make a note before I forget.

5. ながら: simultaneous actions

Verb stem + ながら: do two things at once, by the same person. The second verb is the main action.

JapaneseEnglish
I study while listening to music.
Let's talk as we walk.
I eat while watching TV.
Watch out: ながら has the same subject, and no tense ながら can only link two actions by the same person, and it has no tense of its own: the final verb decides. If the subjects differ, use あいだ or 〜ている とき. The main action comes second: おんがくを ききながら べんきょうする means studying is the real activity.

6. まで, までに, たびに

PatternMeaningExample
〜までuntil (the action continues up to that point)
I'll wait here until my friend comes.
〜までにby (a deadline)
I'll finish the report by the weekend.
〜たびにevery time
Every time I go to Japan, I buy souvenirs.

7. 〜てから revisited

You met 〜てから in Japanese Grammar 2 Chapter 3. Compare with あとで:

〜てから〜た あとで
Meaningemphasises the starting order: "only once X is done / since X"simply "after X" (neutral)
Example
Also"since": にほんに きてから、にほんごを べんきょうして いるcannot mean "since"

🗣️ In Use — つかいかた

Time words in everyday talk.

① Routines

A: What do you do before bed?
B: I read while listening to music. After I fall asleep, I dream.

② Childhood

A: What did you do in the summer holidays when you were a child?
B: I played at the sea with friends every day. We didn't go home until it got dark.

③ Hurry

A: Let's get to the station while it's still light.
B: Right. When my friend arrives, let's leave straight away.

📋 Quick Reference

WordAttaches toExample
ときplain; Nの; な-adj ないく / いった とき; こどもの とき
まえにdictionary form; Nのねる まえに
あとでた-form; Nのたべた あとで
あいだ(に)plain (ている etc.)ねて いる あいだに
うちにstate / ない / adjあかるい うちに
ながらverb stemききながら
まで / までにdictionary formくるまで; しゅうまつまでに
たびにdictionary form; Nのいく たびに

✍️ Practice — れんしゅう

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Say "Before I eat, I wash my hands."

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2. Say "After I eat, I brush my teeth."

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3. Say "When I was a student, I lived in Tokyo."

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4. "When I went to the shop, it was closed." Which tense for いく and why?

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Past: the going was complete when I found it closed.

5. Say "I'll buy a ticket when I go to the station" (on the way).

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6. Say "I study while listening to the radio."

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7. Say "I'll wait here until it stops raining."

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8. Say "Please send it by Friday."

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(deadline = までに)

9. Say "Every time I hear this song, I remember my school."

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10. Correct:

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まえに always takes the dictionary form.

Coming up in Chapter 7: Quoting and Opinion. と言う, と思う, という, direct and indirect quotation, って in speech, 〜かどうか and 〜か clauses.