Position and Special Forms

French Grammar 1

Chapter 8 · Adjectives: Position and Special Forms

📍 Adjective Position — La place de l'adjectif

In English an adjective always comes before its noun: a red car, a big house. In French most adjectives come after the noun (une voiture rouge), but a short list of very common ones goes before it (une grande maison). Three of the "before" adjectives also have a special form in front of a vowel, and a handful change their meaning according to position. This chapter gives the rule of thumb, the lists and those special forms. The agreement endings are in French Grammar 1 7.

The rule in one box Default: after the noun (colours, nationalities, shapes, descriptions: une voiture rouge, un étudiant français). Before the noun go the BAGS adjectives: Beauty (beau, joli), Age (jeune, vieux, nouveau), Goodness (bon, mauvais), Size (grand, petit, gros, long). In front of a masculine noun starting with a vowel, beau, nouveau, vieux become bel, nouvel, vieil.

The BAGS adjectives

CategoryAdjectivesExamples
Beautybeau, joliune jolie robe · un beau jardin
Agejeune, vieux, nouveauun jeune homme · un vieux livre · une nouvelle voiture
Goodnessbon, mauvais, meilleurun bon ami · une mauvaise idée
Sizegrand, petit, gros, long, court, hautune grande maison · un petit chat · un gros livre

A few others also go before the noun: autre (other), même (same), premier, dernier, prochain and chaque (each), as well as numbers (trois frères). Everything else goes after:

Goes after the nounExamples
coloursune voiture rouge · un chat noir
nationalitiesun étudiant français · une amie italienne
shapes and physical qualitiesune table ronde · un pull chaud
long adjectives and participlesun homme sportif · une idée intéressante

Beau, nouveau, vieux: the special forms

These three have two masculine singular forms: the ordinary one, and a form for use before a vowel or mute h. The reason is the same as for elision: the ordinary form would end in a vowel and meet another vowel.

MasculineMasculine before a vowelFeminineMasculine pluralFeminine plural
beautifulbeaubelbellebeauxbelles
newnouveaunouvelnouvellenouveauxnouvelles
oldvieuxvieilvieillevieuxvieilles
Before a consonantBefore a vowel or mute h
un beau jardin · un nouveau livre · un vieux livreun bel homme · un nouvel ami · un vieil hôtel
Watch out: the "vowel" forms are only for masculine singular Feminine and plural nouns never need them: une belle amie (not bel), de beaux hommes, de nouveaux amis. The special form is only masculine singular. Note that bel is pronounced exactly like belle: the special masculine form is what you say anyway before a vowel.

When position changes the meaning

A group of adjectives has two meanings, depending on where it stands. As a rule of thumb, before the noun the meaning is figurative, subjective or about the speaker's feeling; after the noun it is literal and physical.

AdjectiveBefore the nounAfter the noun
ancienun ancien professeur a former teacherun livre ancien an ancient book
chermon cher ami my dear friendune voiture chère an expensive car
grandun grand homme a great manun homme grand a tall man
pauvreun pauvre homme an unfortunate manun homme pauvre a man without money
proprema propre chambre my own roomune chambre propre a clean room
seulun seul ami only one friendun homme seul a lonely man
dernierla dernière semaine the final week (of a series)la semaine dernière last week
prochainle prochain train the next train in linela semaine prochaine next week

Two adjectives with one noun

CaseRuleExample
one "before", one "after"each goes in its own placeun petit chat noir · une jolie robe rouge
two "before"both before the nounun joli petit village · une belle grande maison
two "after"after the noun, joined by etun homme grand et sportif
Watch out: des turns to de, and liaison appears Remember French Grammar 1 6: with a plural adjective in front of the noun, des becomes de: de jolies robes. And before a vowel the final consonant of the adjective is linked: un petit ami (the t is heard), un grand homme (the d is heard as a t); see French Grammar 1 2.

🗣️ In Use — En situation

Read these aloud. Say where each adjective stands and why.

① A new house

A:Vous avez une nouvelle maison ?Have you got a new house?
B:Oui, une belle grande maison avec un petit jardin.Yes, a lovely big house with a small garden.

② Old friends

A:Qui est cet homme ?Who is that man?
B:C'est un vieil ami de mon père et un ancien professeur.He's an old friend of my father's and a former teacher.

③ Next week

A:Tu es libre la semaine prochaine ?Are you free next week?
B:Pas la semaine prochaine. La semaine dernière, oui, mais c'est trop tard !Not next week. Last week, yes, but it's too late!

📋 Quick Reference — Aide-mémoire

TopicSummary
default positionafter the noun: colours, nationalities, shapes
BAGS (before)beauty · age · goodness · size
special formsbeau/bel/belle · nouveau/nouvel/nouvelle · vieux/vieil/vieille
meaning changesbefore: figurative, subjective · after: literal
two adjectiveseach in its own place; two "before" both go before
plural + adjective beforedes → de

✏️ Try It Yourself — Exercices

Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Place the adjective: une maison (grand) · une voiture (rouge) · un ami (bon).

Show answer

une grande maison · une voiture rouge · un bon ami.

2. What does BAGS stand for?

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Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size: the groups of adjectives that go before the noun.

3. Choose the form: un ___ homme (beau) · un ___ jardin (beau) · une ___ amie (beau).

Show answer

un bel homme · un beau jardin · une belle amie.

4. Choose the form: un ___ ami (nouveau) · un ___ livre (nouveau) · des ___ amis (nouveau).

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un nouvel ami · un nouveau livre · de nouveaux amis (and des becomes de).

5. Choose the form: un ___ hôtel (vieux) · une ___ amie (vieux) · des ___ livres (vieux).

Show answer

un vieil hôtel · une vieille amie · de vieux livres.

6. What is the difference between un grand homme and un homme grand?

Show answer

A great man (figurative, before) against a tall man (literal, after).

7. Translate: "a former teacher" and "an ancient book".

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un ancien professeur · un livre ancien.

8. Say "my dear friend" and "an expensive car".

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mon cher ami · une voiture chère.

9. Put the two adjectives in place: un chat (petit, noir) · une robe (joli, rouge) · un village (joli, petit).

Show answer

un petit chat noir · une jolie robe rouge · un joli petit village.

10. Find the error: un beau ami · des grandes maisons · la prochaine semaine.

Show answer

un bel ami · de grandes maisons (des → de before a plural adjective) · la semaine prochaine (for "next week").

Coming up in Chapter 9: Possessives, Demonstratives and Other Determiners. mon, ton, son and the vowel rule, ce / cet / cette / ces, and the other small words that stand before a noun.