Definite and Indefinite

French Grammar 1

Chapter 5 · Articles: Definite and Indefinite

🔖 The Articles — Les articles

French nouns almost always come with a small word in front: an article. It agrees with the noun's gender and number (French Grammar 1 3 and 4). There are two families: the definite article (the) and the indefinite article (a, some). A third family, the partitive (some for amounts), is the subject of French Grammar 1 6. The one big difference from English: French uses the article far more often, in places where English uses nothing at all (J'aime le café, "I like coffee").

The rule in one box Definite: le (m.), la (f.), l' (before a vowel or mute h), les (plural). Indefinite: un (m.), une (f.), des (plural). After Ă  and de, le and les merge: Ă  + le = au, Ă  + les = aux, de + le = du, de + les = des. Use the article with every noun, including general ideas; leave it out only in a few set cases, such as a profession after ĂŞtre.

The forms

MasculineFeminineBefore a vowelPlural
Definite (the)le livrela tablel'ami, l'amie, l'hommeles livres, les tables, les amis
Indefinite (a, an, some)un livreune tableun ami · une amiedes livres, des tables, des amis
Watch out: l' hides the gender, and h can be tricky L'ami and l'amie look the same; the gender is only visible in un / une or in an adjective. Before a mute h the article elides (l'homme, l'hôtel); before an aspirate h it does not (le héros, la haine, les héros, with no liaison). See French Grammar 1 2.

Contractions with Ă  and de

The prepositions Ă  (to, at) and de (of, from) merge with le and les, but not with la or l':

+ le (m.)+ la (f.)+ l' (vowel)+ les (plural)
àau → au marchéà la → à la gareà l' → à l'écoleaux → aux magasins
dedu → du marchéde la → de la garede l' → de l'écoledes → des magasins
Watch out: two different des des is both the indefinite plural (J'ai des amis, "I have friends") and the contraction of de + les (le nom des amis, "the friends' name"). They look and sound the same; the sentence tells you which. The test: if de is already there as a preposition (le nom de, près de), des is the contraction.

Using the definite article

UseExample
a specific thing, known to both speakersLe livre est sur la table. The book is on the table.
generic: a whole class or an ideaJ'aime le café. I like coffee. · Les chats dorment beaucoup. Cats sleep a lot. · J'aime la vie. I love life.
with verbs of liking and hatingElle déteste les lundis. She hates Mondays.
a repeated day of the weekLe lundi, je travaille. On Mondays I work. (Without le, lundi means this coming Monday.)
languages after parler, aimer, étudierJe parle le français. (Je parle français is also correct after parler.)
price per unitTrois euros le kilo. Three euros a kilo.
most country namesla France, le Canada, les États-Unis (used with à and en: en France, au Canada, aux États-Unis)

Using the indefinite article

UseExample
one thing, not yet known to the listenerJ'ai un frère. I have a brother.
plural: des is "some" or nothing at all in EnglishJ'ai des frères. I have brothers.
new information, then definite once knownIl y a un chat. Le chat dort. There is a cat. The cat is sleeping.
after c'est + a nounC'est un médecin. He's a doctor. · Ce sont des amis. They're friends.

The plural of un / une is always des, and this plural article is never dropped in French, although English has to say "some" or nothing.

Watch out: des turns into de after a negative In a negative sentence, un, une, des after the verb become de (Je n'ai pas de frères). This and the partitive du, de la are the subject of French Grammar 1 6.

Leaving the article out

CaseWithout articleWith c'est + article
profession after êtreIl est médecin. He is a doctor.C'est un médecin.
profession, feminineElle est infirmière.C'est une infirmière.
student, as a noun of statusIl est étudiant. · Elle est étudiante.C'est un étudiant.

The pattern: il / elle est + profession, no article, but c'est + article + noun. When the noun is described (C'est un bon médecin), the article comes back, since the noun is now more than a label.

🗣️ In Use — En situation

Read these aloud. Find every article and say whether it is definite or indefinite.

â‘  Likes and dislikes

A:Tu aimes le café ?Do you like coffee?
B:J'aime le café, mais je déteste les lundis !I like coffee but I hate Mondays!

② Where is it?

A:Tu vas à la gare ou au marché ?Are you going to the station or to the market?
B:Je vais au marché, puis à l'école. Mes enfants rentrent des cours à trois heures.I'm going to the market, then to the school. My children come home from lessons at three.

③ Who is he?

A:Qui est cet homme ?Who is that man?
B:C'est un ami de mon frère. Il est médecin.He's a friend of my brother's. He's a doctor.

📋 Quick Reference — Aide-mémoire

TopicSummary
definitele, la, l', les
indefiniteun, une, des
contractionsà + le = au · à + les = aux · de + le = du · de + les = des (not with la or l')
genericuse the definite article: J'aime le café, Les chats dorment
professionIl est médecin (no article) · C'est un médecin (article)
negativeun, une, des → de (French Grammar 1 6)

✏️ Try It Yourself — Exercices

Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Give the definite article: livre, table, ami, amis, école.

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le livre, la table, l'ami, les amis, l'école.

2. Give the indefinite article: livre, table, amis.

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un livre, une table, des amis.

3. Contract if needed: à + le marché · à + la gare · à + les magasins.

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au marché · à la gare (no contraction) · aux magasins.

4. Contract if needed: de + le marché · de + l'école · de + les enfants.

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du marché · de l'école (no contraction) · des enfants.

5. How do you say "I like cats" and "I hate Mondays"?

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J'aime les chats. Je déteste les lundis. French uses the definite article for a whole class of things, where English uses none.

6. What is the difference between Le lundi, je travaille and Lundi, je travaille?

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With le: every Monday ("on Mondays I work"). Without: this coming Monday only.

7. Say "He is a doctor" in two ways.

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Il est médecin. C'est un médecin. The first has no article; the second has one.

8. Find the error: Elle est une infirmière.

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Elle est infirmière (no article after être + profession), or C'est une infirmière.

9. Is des indefinite or a contraction? (a) J'ai des amis. (b) le nom des amis.

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(a) indefinite plural ("some friends"); (b) contraction of de + les ("of the friends").

10. Say: "There is a cat. The cat is sleeping."

Show answer

Il y a un chat. Le chat dort. The cat is first introduced with un, then known, so it takes le.

Coming up in Chapter 6: The Partitive and Quantity. du, de la, de l' for "some"; de after a negative and after words of quantity (beaucoup de, un peu de).