Putting It Together

Spanish Grammar 3

Course 3 · Chapter 12 · Putting It Together

🧩 Putting It Together — Todo junto

Chapter 1 laid out a map of the tenses; Chapters 2 to 11 filled it in. This last chapter shows the completed map, follows one verb through every tense, gives you a checklist for choosing the right tense, and ends with a clinic of the mistakes learners make most with the past, future, conditional and imperative.

The rule in one box Simple tenses are one word (hablé, hablaba, hablaré, hablaría); compound tenses are haber + an invariable participle (he hablado, había hablado, habré hablado, habría hablado). Choose by time (past, present, future), by view (event or background, a closed or open period), and by attitude (fact, politeness, command). The first verb always carries the person; the participle never changes.

The completed tense map

TenseForm (hablar, yo)Use in one lineChapter
preteritehabléa completed event in the past3, 4
imperfecthablabahabit, description, background, action in progress5
present perfecthe habladorecent past, an open period, experience up to now7
pluperfecthabía habladoearlier than another past event8
futurehablaréwill; promises; probability (now)9
future perfecthabré habladowill have; probably did8
conditionalhablaríawould; politeness; advice; reported future10
conditional perfecthabría habladowould have8
imperativehabla · no hablescommands11
past anteriorhube habladoliterary, for reading only8

One verb through every tense: hacer

Tenseyotúél / ella / ustednosotrosvosotrosellos / ustedes
presenthagohaceshacehacemoshacéishacen
preteritehicehicistehizohicimoshicisteishicieron
imperfecthacíahacíashacíahacíamoshacíaishacían
present perfecthe hechohas hechoha hechohemos hechohabéis hechohan hecho
pluperfecthabía hechohabías hechohabía hechohabíamos hechohabíais hechohabían hecho
futureharéharásharáharemosharéisharán
conditionalharíaharíasharíaharíamosharíaisharían
imperativehaz · no hagashaga · no hagahagamoshaced · no hagáishagan · no hagan

The same story in every tense

TenseSentenceMeaning
preteriteAyer hice la cena.Yesterday I made dinner.
imperfectMientras hacía la cena, sonó el teléfono.While I was making dinner, the phone rang.
present perfect (Spain)Hoy ya he hecho la cena.Today I've already made dinner.
pluperfectCuando llegaste, ya había hecho la cena.When you arrived, I had already made dinner.
futureMañana haré la cena.Tomorrow I'll make dinner.
future perfectPara las ocho ya habré hecho la cena.By eight I'll have made dinner.
conditionalYo haría la cena, pero no tengo tiempo.I would make dinner, but I have no time.
conditional perfectHabría hecho la cena, pero no pude.I would have made dinner, but I couldn't.
imperativeHaz la cena y no hagas ruido.Make dinner and don't make a noise.

A decision procedure

  1. When is it? Past, present or future. Past: go to step 2. Future: ir a in speech, the future in writing, promises and probability (Chapter 9). Command: imperative (Chapter 11).
  2. Past: one event or a scene? A completed event, a sequence, a stated duration with an end → preterite. A habit, a description, an action in progress, age and time → imperfect (Chapters 3 to 6).
  3. Is the period still open? hoy, esta mañana, esta semana, ya, todavía no, alguna vez → present perfect in Spain; the preterite is common in much of Latin America (Chapter 7).
  4. Earlier than another past event? → pluperfect (había + participle). Earlier than a future moment → future perfect (Chapter 8).
  5. Hypothetical, polite or advising? → conditional (me gustaría, podría, deberías); "would have" → conditional perfect (Chapters 8 and 10).
  6. Which stem? The irregular stems (tuv-, hic-, dij-, tendr-, har-) are shared between the preterite and the future / conditional groups, so learn them together (Chapters 4, 9, 10).
  7. Participle? Invariable after haber; irregular participles: hecho, dicho, visto, puesto, escrito, abierto, vuelto, roto, muerto (Chapter 2).
  8. Pronouns and negation? Before haber or before the conjugated verb; attached to a positive command; before a negative one (Chapters 7 and 11).
Latin America note The tense system is the same across the Spanish-speaking world. The differences to keep in mind: present perfect against preterite for recent events (Chapter 7); the future being replaced by ir a or the present in speech (Chapter 9); quisiera as a polite request alongside querría (Chapter 10); and the vos forms and ustedes commands (Chapter 11). Vosotros and os are used only in Spain.

Error-spotting clinic

WrongRightWhy
He escribido una carta.He escrito una carta.irregular participle (Chapter 2)
Yo buscé una casa.Busqué una casa.c → qu in the preterite (Chapter 3)
Él pedió café.Él pidió café.e → i in the 3rd person (Chapter 3)
Ellos dijieron la verdad.Ellos dijeron la verdad.-eron after j (Chapter 4)
Yo fuí al cine.Fui al cine.no accent on fui (Chapter 4)
De niño fui a la playa cada verano.De niño iba a la playa cada verano.habit: imperfect (Chapters 5 and 6)
Ayer he comido en casa.Ayer comí en casa.closed period: preterite (Chapter 7)
He ya comido.Ya he comido.nothing between haber and the participle (Chapter 7)
Cuando llegué, ella se fue.Cuando llegué, ella ya se había ido.earlier event: pluperfect (Chapter 8)
Yo tenderé tiempo.Tendré tiempo.irregular stem (Chapter 9)
Dijo que vendrá ayer.Dijo que vendría.reported future: conditional (Chapter 10)
No hace la cena. (command)No hagas la cena.negative command (Chapter 11)
Dime lo.Dímelo.pronouns attach, with an accent (Chapter 11)

🗣️ In Use — En situación

One last read-through: name the tense behind each verb.

① Telling a story

A:¿Qué pasó el sábado? Estabas muy raro.What happened on Saturday? You were acting strange.
B:Llovía y yo volvía a casa cuando vi a Ana. Había perdido las llaves, así que la invité a venir conmigo; hicimos la cena juntos.It was raining and I was going home when I saw Ana. She had lost her keys, so I invited her to come with me; we made dinner together.

② Plans and politeness

A:¿Podrías ayudarme mañana? Habré terminado el informe a las cinco y me gustaría revisarlo contigo.Could you help me tomorrow? I'll have finished the report by five and I'd like to go over it with you.
B:Claro, iré. Dime a qué hora y no te preocupes; lo haremos juntos.Of course, I'll come. Tell me what time and don't worry; we'll do it together.

③ Regrets

A:¿Por qué no viniste ayer? Habría sido divertido.Why didn't you come yesterday? It would have been fun.
B:Quise ir, pero tuve que trabajar. Hoy he descansado y mañana saldré contigo.I wanted to go, but I had to work. Today I've rested and tomorrow I'll go out with you.

📋 Quick Reference — Resumen del curso

ChapterTopicKey point
1The tense mapsimple and compound tenses; moods
2Past participles-ado, -ido; irregulars; haber against tener
3Preterite: regular-é, -aste, -ó…; spelling; stem changes in -ir
4Preterite: irregularirregular stems, shared endings; fui, di, vi
5Imperfect-aba, -ía; era, iba, veía
6Preterite or imperfectevents against background
7Present perfectopen period; Spain against Latin America
8Other compound tenseshabía, habré, habría + participle
9Simple futureinfinitive + é; 12 irregular stems; probability
10Conditionalpoliteness, advice, reported future
11Imperativehabla, hable, hablad; no hables

✏️ Try It Yourself — Ejercicios

Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Give the yo form of tener in: preterite, imperfect, present perfect, future, conditional.

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tuve · tenía · he tenido · tendré · tendría.

2. Give the él form of decir in: preterite, imperfect, pluperfect, future, conditional.

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dijo · decía · había dicho · dirá · diría.

3. Preterite or imperfect: "Cuando (ser) niño, (vivir) en Madrid." · "Ayer (llegar) a las ocho."

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era · vivía · llegué.

4. Say in Spanish: "I was sleeping when the phone rang."

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Dormía cuando sonó el teléfono.

5. Say in Spanish (Spain): "Today I've worked ten hours." and (in the past) "Yesterday I worked ten hours."

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Hoy he trabajado diez horas. · Ayer trabajé diez horas.

6. Say in Spanish: "When I arrived, she had already left."

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Cuando llegué, ella ya se había ido.

7. Say in Spanish: "I'll have finished by Friday." and "I would have gone, but I couldn't."

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Habré terminado para el viernes. · Habría ido, pero no pude.

8. Say in Spanish: "Could you help me, please?" and "You should rest."

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¿Podría ayudarme, por favor? · Deberías descansar.

9. Say in Spanish (tú): "Tell me, but don't tell her." (use decir)

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Dímelo, pero no se lo digas a ella. (pronouns attached in the positive, before the verb in the negative)

10. Correct the mistakes: Ayer he comido tarde. · Dijo que vendrá ayer. · He ya terminado. · No hace ruido (command).

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Ayer comí tarde · Dijo que vendría · Ya he terminado · No hagas ruido.

Course complete! 🎉 You now have the whole indicative system: the past, present, future, conditional and imperative, with the compound tenses. The next step is Spanish Grammar 4, which adds the subjunctive, clauses, the passive, reported speech and written Spanish.