Written Style
Japanese Grammar 4
Course 4 ยท Chapter 5 ยท Written Style
๐ Written Style โ ใใใใจใฐ
Japanese written for essays, reports, textbooks and newspapers is a different register from conversation, even when no one is being addressed. It uses the plain forms but avoids everything colloquial: no contractions, no sentence-final particles, a more formal vocabulary and a particular set of expressions. Knowing the written style is essential to read real texts, and it is the style you will be asked to write in for formal work.
1. ใงใใปใพใ vs ใ ใปใงใใ
| Meaning | ใงใใพใไฝ | ใ ใปใงใใไฝ |
|---|---|---|
| is | ใใใใใงใใ | ใใใใใงใใใ (formal) / ใใใใใ ใ |
| was | ใใใใใงใใใ | ใใใใใงใใฃใใ / ใใใใใ ใฃใใ |
| is not | ใใใใใงใฏ ใใใพใใใ | ใใใใใงใฏ ใชใใ |
| does | ใใใพใใ | ใใใ |
| did | ใใใพใใใ | ใใใใ |
| does not | ใใใพใใใ | ใใใชใใ |
| is high | ใใใใงใใ | ใใใใ |
| probably | ใใใงใใใใ | ใใใงใใใใ / ใใใ ใใใ |
| let's | ใใพใใใใ | ใใใใ (rare) |
2. What to avoid in written style
| Spoken or casual | Written |
|---|---|
| ใใฆใใ โ ใใฆใ; ใใฆใใพใ โ ใใกใใ; ใใงใฏ โ ใใใ | ใใฆใใ; ใใฆใใพใ; ใใงใฏ (no contractions) |
| ใงใ, ใ ใใ, ใใใง | ใใใ, ใใใใฃใฆ / ใใฎใใ, ใใใง |
| ใจใฆใ, ใใใ, ใกใใฃใจ | ้ๅธธ(ใฒใใใ)ใซ, ๅคงๅค(ใใใธใ), ๅฐใ(ใใใ) |
| ใใฃใฑใ, ใใใใ | ๅคใ(ใใใ), ๆฐๅคใ, ๅคๆฐ(ใใใ) |
| ใใใฉ | ใใ / ใใใใฉใ |
| ใใใ (reason) | ใใใ / ใใฎใง / ใใใจใใ |
| ใใฃใฆ, ใใใใชใ? | ใใจใใ; ใใงใฏใชใใ |
| ใ, ใญ, ใช, ใ (final particles) | (none) |
| ใใใ, ใผใ, ใใ | ็ง(ใใใ); ็ญ่ (ใฒใฃใใ); ๆฌ็จฟ(ใปใใใ) |
3. Expressing opinion in writing
Writers rarely say ใจๆใ ("I think") flatly in a report. They prefer a range of impersonal expressions that mark how strongly the claim is made.
| Expression | Meaning / strength | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใจ่ใใใใ | it can be thought that (passive; modest) | ใใฎ ใใฃใใฏใใใใใฎ ใใใใใใใ ใใใใใจ ใใใใใใใใ |
| ใใจๆใใใ | it seems (softer) | ใใใใฏ ใฒใใใจ ใใใใใใ |
| ใใจใใใ | it can be said (strong, assertive) | ใใใฎ ใใใใ ใใฏ ใใกใใใใ ใใใใ ใจ ใใใใ |
| ใใจใใใ | is held to be, is regarded as | ใใฎ ใปใใปใใฏ ใใฃใจใ ใใใใใจ ใใใใ |
| ใใงใฏใชใใ ใใใ | rhetorical: "may we not ...?" | ใใฃใจ ใใใใใ ใฒใคใใใ ใใใฎใงใฏใชใใ ใใใใ |
| ใใซ ใใใชใ | is merely | ใใใฏ ใฒใจใคใฎ ใใฎใใใใซ ใใใชใใ |
| ใใใใ ใใชใ | cannot but, must | ใใใใใใใ ใใชใใ |
4. Newspapers: reports and headlines
| Feature | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Reporting verbs | ใใจ่ฟฐในใ(ใฎในใ), ใใจ็บ่กจใใ(ใฏใฃใดใใใใ), ใใจๆใใใซใใ | reports of what someone said |
| Source | ใใซใใใจ; ใ้ขไฟ่ (ใใใใใใ)ใซใใใฐ | "according to" |
| Caution | ใใจใฟใใใ; ใใจใใ | "is thought to be", "it is said" |
| Past events | ใใใใ / ใใ่ตทใใใ | plain past throughout |
Headlines
Headlines compress heavily: they drop particles, copulas and often the verb, end in a noun (ไฝ่จๆญขใ, ใใใใใฉใ), and use ใธ and ใ for plans and speculation.
| Headline | Full sentence |
|---|---|
| ใใ
ใใใใใใใใ
ใ ใปใในใ PM to visit US next week | ใใ ใใใใฏ ใใใใ ใ ใขใกใชใซใ ใปใใใใใใ |
| ใใใใใธใใใใต ใปใใใ Government plan: tax rise | ใใใตใฏ ใใใใใ ใใใชใ ใปใใใใ ใใใใใ |
| ใใใง 5ใซใ ใใผใ 5 dead in accident | ใใใง 5ใซใใ ใใผใใใใ |
| ใใใใ ใตใใใ Will disasters increase? | ใใใใใฏ ใตใใใฎใ ใใใใ (a question left open) |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Rewriting spoken into written Japanese.
โ A student's draft
โก A diary becoming a report
โข A headline
๐ Quick Reference
| Feature | ใ ใปใงใใ style |
|---|---|
| Copula | ใงใใ / ใ |
| Verbs | plain form only |
| No contractions | ใใฆใใ (not ใใฆใ) |
| Connectors | ใใใ; ใใใใฃใฆ; ใพใ |
| Opinion | ใใจ่ใใใใ; ใใจใใใ |
| Reporting | ใใจ่ฟฐในใ; ใใซใใใจ; ใใจใฟใใใ |
| Headlines | noun endings; particles dropped; ใfor ใฏ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Rewrite in ใ ใปใงใใ style: ใใใฏ ใ ใใใช ใใใ ใใงใใ
Show answer
ใใใฏ ใ ใใใช ใใใ ใใงใใใ
2. Rewrite: ใใฎใ ใใใใฃใใงใใ
Show answer
ใใฎใใฏ ใใใใฃใใ
3. Rewrite: ใใใฏ ใใพใใใงใใใ
Show answer
ใใใฏ ใใชใใฃใใ
4. Replace the casual word: ใงใใใพใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ
Show answer
ใใใใใพใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ
5. Replace the contraction: ใใใฏ ใปใใ ใใใงใใ
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ใใใฏ ใปใใ ใใใงใใใ
6. Make this an impersonal written opinion: ใใใใฏ ใใฎ ใปใใปใใ ใใใจ ใใใใ
Show answer
ใใฎ ใปใใปใใ ใใใจ ใใใใใใใใ
7. Give the formal reason word for ใใใ ใตใฃใใใ in writing.
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ใใใ ใตใฃใใใ
8. What does ใใจ่ฟฐในใ tell you in a news article?
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That the subject said something (a reported statement).
9. Expand the headline ใใใง 3ใซใ ใใผใ into a sentence.
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ใใใง 3ใซใใ ใใผใใใใ
10. Which is in the wrong register for an essay: ใใงใฏใชใใ ใใใ or ใใใใชใใใช?
Show answer
ใใใใชใใใช is casual speech; ใใงใฏใชใใ ใใใ is a written rhetorical question.