Written Style

Japanese Grammar 4

Course 4 ยท Chapter 5 ยท Written Style

๐Ÿ“ Written Style โ€” ใ‹ใใ“ใจใฐ

Japanese written for essays, reports, textbooks and newspapers is a different register from conversation, even when no one is being addressed. It uses the plain forms but avoids everything colloquial: no contractions, no sentence-final particles, a more formal vocabulary and a particular set of expressions. Knowing the written style is essential to read real texts, and it is the style you will be asked to write in for formal work.

The rule in one box Two written styles: ใงใ™ใพใ™ไฝ“ (polite: letters, blogs, emails, instructions) and ใ ใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹ไฝ“ (plain: essays, reports, newspapers, academic writing). Pick one and keep it for the whole text. In ใ ใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹ style: ใ€œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ for ใงใ™, plain forms for ใพใ™, no contractions, formal vocabulary, and ใ€œใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ / ใ€œใจใ„ใˆใ‚‹ for opinions.

1. ใงใ™ใƒปใพใ™ vs ใ ใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹

Meaningใงใ™ใพใ™ไฝ“ใ ใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹ไฝ“
is (formal) /
was /
is not
does
did
does not
is high
probably
let's (rare)
Watch out: ใ , ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ and the sentence-final ใ  ใ€œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ is the formal written copula, standard in academic writing and reports; ใ€œใ  is a little more conversational and fine in magazine-style essays. After an adjective or a verb, no copula is needed: ใ“ใฎ ใปใ‚“ใฏ ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ„ใ€‚ (not ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ„ใ ). And do not mix: if the text uses ใงใ‚ใ‚‹, never end a sentence with ใงใ™ or ใพใ™.

2. What to avoid in written style

Spoken or casualWritten
; ; (no contractions)
(final particles)(none)

3. Expressing opinion in writing

Writers rarely say ใจๆ€ใ† ("I think") flatly in a report. They prefer a range of impersonal expressions that mark how strongly the claim is made.

ExpressionMeaning / strengthExample
ใ€œใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹it can be thought that (passive; modest)
ใ€œใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹it seems (softer)
ใ€œใจใ„ใˆใ‚‹it can be said (strong, assertive)
ใ€œใจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹is held to be, is regarded as
ใ€œใงใฏใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹rhetorical: "may we not ...?"
ใ€œใซ ใ™ใŽใชใ„is merely
ใ€œใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ ใˆใชใ„cannot but, must

4. Newspapers: reports and headlines

FeatureExampleNotes
Reporting verbsreports of what someone said
Source"according to"
Caution"is thought to be", "it is said"
Past eventsplain past throughout

Headlines

Headlines compress heavily: they drop particles, copulas and often the verb, end in a noun (ไฝ“่จ€ๆญขใ‚, ใŸใ„ใ’ใ‚“ใฉใ‚), and use ใธ and ใ‹ for plans and speculation.

HeadlineFull sentence

PM to visit US next week

Government plan: tax rise

5 dead in accident

Will disasters increase?
(a question left open)
Watch out: headline compression Headlines compress using ใ€ (a comma replaces ใฏ), noun phrases with no verb, and ใธ for "moving toward". Do not copy these into ordinary writing; they are a separate micro-genre. In the body text the full sentences return.

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Rewriting spoken into written Japanese.

โ‘  A student's draft

A: "But I find this result very interesting." (the draft)
B: Let's make it: "However, this result can be said to be of great interest."

โ‘ก A diary becoming a report

A: "The match was cancelled because it rained yesterday." (casual)
B: The written form.

โ‘ข A headline

A: What does "Heavy rain in the northwest" mean as a headline?
B: It's a compressed way of saying "heavy rain fell in the northwest".

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

Featureใ ใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹ style
Copulaใงใ‚ใ‚‹ / ใ 
Verbsplain form only
No contractionsใ€œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ (not ใ€œใฆใ‚‹)
Connectorsใ—ใ‹ใ—; ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ; ใพใŸ
Opinionใ€œใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹; ใ€œใจใ„ใˆใ‚‹
Reportingใ€œใจ่ฟฐในใŸ; ใ€œใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ; ใ€œใจใฟใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
Headlinesnoun endings; particles dropped; ใ€for ใฏ

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Rewrite in ใ ใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹ style:

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2. Rewrite:

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3. Rewrite:

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4. Replace the casual word:

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5. Replace the contraction:

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6. Make this an impersonal written opinion:

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7. Give the formal reason word for in writing.

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8. What does tell you in a news article?

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That the subject said something (a reported statement).

9. Expand the headline into a sentence.

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10. Which is in the wrong register for an essay: or ?

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is casual speech; ใ€œใงใฏใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹ is a written rhetorical question.

Coming up in Chapter 6: Particles in Depth. ใฏ against ใŒ, ใซ against ใง, ใ‚’ against ใŒ, and ใ‚‚, ใ ใ‘, ใ—ใ‹, ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š, ใ•ใˆ, ใพใง.