Conditionals I

Japanese Grammar 3

Course 3 ยท Chapter 4 ยท Conditionals I: ใจ and ใฐ

๐Ÿ”€ Conditionals (1) โ€” ใจ ใจ ใฐ

Japanese has four main conditionals: ใจ, ใฐ, ใŸใ‚‰, ใชใ‚‰. They all translate as "if" or "when", but each has its own feel and limits. This chapter covers the first two. ใจ is for natural, automatic results. ใฐ is for conditions: "if X, then Y", usually general or hypothetical. Chapter 5 covers ใŸใ‚‰ and ใชใ‚‰ and how to choose.

The rule in one box ใ€œใจ (plain dictionary or ใชใ„-form + ใจ): "when X, Y inevitably follows"; the main clause cannot be a request, wish or intention. ใ€œใฐ (conditional form): "if X, then Y"; Group 1: ใ†-row โ†’ ใˆ-row + ใฐ; Group 2: ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ‚Œใฐ; ใ„-adjective: ใ„ โ†’ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ.

1. ใจ: natural consequence

Plain form + ใจ says that Y happens automatically when X happens. It is used for laws of nature, machines, directions, habits and discoveries.

UseExampleEnglish
Natural lawWhen spring comes, the cherry blossoms bloom.
Machines, instructionsIf you press this button, the door opens.
DirectionsIf you go straight, the station is on your right.
HabitWhen I drink, my face turns red.
Discovery (past)When I opened the door, there was a cat.
NegativeIf you don't hurry, you'll be late.
Watch out: ใจ cannot lead to a request or wish The main clause after ใจ must be a statement of result. You cannot say ร—ใ‚ใ‚ใŒ ใตใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใง ใใ ใ•ใ„, ร—ใฒใพใ ใจใ€ใ‚ใใณใซ ใ„ใใŸใ„ or ร—ใใ‚‹ใจใ€ใงใ‚“ใ‚ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†. For requests, intentions, wishes and invitations use ใฐ, ใŸใ‚‰ or ใชใ‚‰ (Chapter 5). In the past tense, ใจ means "when I did X, I found Y": the second event is a surprise or discovery.

2. ใฐ: the conditional form

TypeRuleExamples
Group 1ใ†-row โ†’ ใˆ-row + ใฐใ‹ใ โ†’ ; ใฎใ‚€ โ†’ ; ใ„ใ โ†’ ; ใ‹ใ† โ†’ ; ใฏใชใ™ โ†’
Group 2drop ใ‚‹ + ใ‚ŒใฐใŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ; ใฟใ‚‹ โ†’
ใ™ใ‚‹ / ใใ‚‹irregular;
ใ„-adjectivedrop ใ„ + ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ•ใ‚€ใ„ โ†’ ; ใ„ใ„ โ†’
ใชใ„ใชใ„ โ†’ ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ โ†’ (as in ใ€œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“)
ใช-adjective, nounใชใ‚‰ / ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ; (see Chapter 5)

ใฐ expresses "if X is the case, then Y". It is the standard form for general or hypothetical conditions and for stating the necessary condition.

JapaneseEnglish
If it's cheap, I'll buy it.
If you study hard, you can pass.
If the weather is good tomorrow, we'll go on a picnic.
If I don't get up early, I'll be late.
Watch out: ใฐ and your own actions If the ใฐ clause is an action, the main clause should not be an intention, wish, request or invitation. ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡ใซ ใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ("If you have time, let's go together") is fine because ใ‚ใ‚‹ describes a state. But ร—ใ‚ใ—ใŸ ใ„ใ‘ใฐใ€ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใซ ใ‚ใ„ใŸใ„ (an action clause + a wish) is unnatural: use ใŸใ‚‰ there. In practice: ใฐ + state is flexible; ใฐ + action prefers statements of result.

3. ใ€œใฐใ„ใ„: "all you have to do" and advice

PatternMeaningExample
ใ€œใฐใ„ใ„it's enough to; you should
You just need to write your name here.
ใฉใ† ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹what should I do?
How should I get to the station?
ใ€œใฐใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸI wish I had; I should have
I wish I had studied more.

4. ใ€œใฐใ€œใปใฉ: the more โ€ฆ the more

Repeat the same word, once in the ใฐ form and once in the dictionary form + ใปใฉ.

JapaneseEnglish
The more I speak, the more I like Japanese.
The cheaper, the better.
The quieter it is, the better I sleep.

5. Choosing ใจ or ใฐ

ใจใฐ
Feelinevitable, automaticcondition: X is what is needed for Y
Main clauseresult onlyresult; also requests/wishes if the ใฐ clause is a state
Typicallaws, machines, directions, habits, discoveriesgeneral conditions, advice, "if only"
Past"when I did X, I found Y"not used for past discoveries

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Conditions and consequences.

โ‘  Directions

A: Excuse me, how should I get to the station?
B: If you go straight along this road, it's on the right.

โ‘ก Advice

A: I want to get better at Japanese.
B: The more you speak every day, the better you'll get.

โ‘ข Regret

A: How was the exam?
B: It was hard. I wish I'd studied more.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

FormRuleExample
ใ€œใจplain + ใจ; result onlyใŠใ™ใจ ใ‚ใ
Group 1 ใฐใ†-row โ†’ ใˆ-row + ใฐใ‹ใ‘ใฐ
Group 2 ใฐใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ‚ŒใฐใŸในใ‚Œใฐ
ใ„-adj ใฐใ„ โ†’ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ‚„ใ™ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ; ใ‚ˆใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
ใชใ„ ใฐใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
ใ€œใฐใ„ใ„should / enoughใฉใ† ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ ใ„ใ„
ใ€œใฐใ€œใปใฉthe more โ€ฆ the moreใฏใชใ›ใฐ ใฏใชใ™ ใปใฉ

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Give the ใฐ-form of , and .

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2. Give the ใฐ-form of , and .

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3. Give the ใฐ-form of , and .

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4. Say "If you press this, it opens" with ใจ.

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5. Say "If you turn left, you'll see a bank."

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6. Say "If it's cheap, I'll buy it" with ใฐ.

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7. Ask "How should I use this?"

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8. Say "The more I eat, the fatter I get." (ใตใจใ‚‹)

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9. Say "I wish I had gone earlier."

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10. Why is unnatural?

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ใจ cannot be followed by a wish. Use ใŸใ‚‰ or ใฐ: (or ใตใฃใŸใ‚‰, Chapter 5).

Coming up in Chapter 5: Conditionals II: ใŸใ‚‰ and ใชใ‚‰. ใŸใ‚‰ (if and when), ใ€œใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„, ใชใ‚‰, and a table for choosing between all four conditionals.