Reasons and Purposes

Japanese Grammar 3

Course 3 · Chapter 3 · Reasons and Purposes

❓ Reasons and Purposes — りゆう と もくてき

"Because it was raining", "in order to learn Japanese", "although I studied": these join a clause to a result. Japanese has several joiners that look alike in English but differ in tone and use. This chapter sorts them: から and ので for reasons, ために and ように for purposes, and のに for unexpected contrast.

The rule in one box Reason: clause + から (personal, direct) or ので (objective, softer). Purpose: dictionary form / noun の + ために (a deliberate act by the same subject); dictionary or ない-form + ように (a state, ability, or non-deliberate result). Contrast: clause + のに ("although"). The reason or purpose clause comes first, in the plain form.

1. から and ので: because

からので
Attaches toplain or polite form (さむいから, さむいですから); noun / な-adj: しずかだからplain form only; noun / な-adj + な: しずかなので
Tonedirect, subjective: "because I say so / I think"softer, objective: "as, since" (a natural cause)
Example
JapaneseEnglish
I'm not going because it's raining.
As it's raining today, I'm not going.
I'll be a little late, so please start first.
Watch out: だ before ので becomes な Before ので a noun or な-adjective takes な, not だ: あめなので, しずかなので. Before から the だ stays: あめだから. Also, ので is generally preferred for polite explanations and excuses (すみません、おくれたので…), because から can sound like an assertion of the reason.

The order: reason first, or result first

The normal order is reason → result. You can also give the result first and add the reason afterwards, ending with 〜からです or 〜んです:

Reason firstResult first

A reply to どうして? ("why?") is often just the reason plus から:

2. ために and ように: in order to

ためにように
Usea goal you reach by a deliberate actiona state, an ability, or something that is not directly controlled
Subjectthe same subject in both clausesoften different subjects
Verb before itdictionary form (volitional verbs) or noun + のdictionary form (potential, ない-form, non-volitional verbs)
Example

Watch out: ために or ように? Ask: can I choose to do the verb before it? べんきょうする, いく (yes) → ために. わかる, きこえる, ねむれる, わすれない (states, abilities, negatives) → ように. And when the subjects differ, ように is usual: こどもが ねむれる ように、しずかに しました ("I was quiet so that the child could sleep").

ため as "because of" (written)

With a plain-form clause or a noun + の, ため(に) also gives a reason, formal and often with unfavourable results: ("The train was delayed because of an accident.") It appears in news and writing; in conversation use から / ので.

3. のに: although

Plain form + のに (noun / な-adjective + な + のに) joins a clause to an unexpected result and carries a tone of surprise, regret or complaint.

JapaneseEnglish
Although I studied a lot, I failed the exam.
It's cold, yet he isn't wearing a coat.
Although it's Sunday, I have work.
Watch out: のに vs けど / が のに expresses your feeling about the contrast (surprise, dissatisfaction) and so cannot be followed by a request, order or invitation. A neutral "but" is けど / けれども / が: さむいけど、いきましょう. Also note that のに has another job, "for the purpose of": ("A good book for studying Japanese.")

4. Two more: おかげで and せいで

PatternMeaningExample
〜おかげでthanks to (a good result)
Thanks to my teacher, I passed.
〜せいでbecause of (a bad result; blame)
The match was cancelled because of the rain.

🗣️ In Use — つかいかた

Giving reasons, goals and surprises.

① Explaining a delay

A: I'm sorry I'm late.
B: What happened?
A: The train stopped, so I came by taxi.

② Goals

A: Why do you study Japanese every day?
B: I study to work in Japan next year. I review every day so I don't forget.

③ A surprise

A: There's always a queue at this ramen shop.
B: It's expensive, yet it's popular.

📋 Quick Reference

PatternMeaningExample
plain / polite + からbecause (direct)さむいから
plain + ので (な before)because (soft)しずかなので
dictionary / Nの + ためにin order toべんきょうする ために
dictionary / ない + ようにso thatわすれない ように
plain + のにalthough (surprise)べんきょうしたのに
おかげで / せいでthanks to / because of (bad)あめの せいで

✍️ Practice — れんしゅう

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Join with ので:

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2. Join with ので:

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(な, not だ)

3. Give the result first and then the reason with から:

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4. Say "I'm saving money in order to buy a car."

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5. Say "I write notes so that I don't forget."

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6. ために or ように:

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: ねむれる is a potential and the subjects differ.

7. Say "Although I'm tired, I'll work."

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8. Say "Although it's cheap, it isn't good."

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9. Say "Thanks to my friend, I could finish."

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10. Why is unnatural? What to use instead?

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のに expresses surprise and cannot lead into a request. Use から / ので:

Coming up in Chapter 4: Conditionals I: と and ば. と for natural results, ば for conditions, the forms for each group, 〜ばいい and 〜ば〜ほど.