The Plain Forms

Japanese Grammar 2

Course 2 ยท Chapter 6 ยท The Plain Forms

๐Ÿ“– The Plain Forms โ€” ใตใคใ†ใ‘ใ„

So far you have used the polite ใพใ™ / ใงใ™ forms for sentences, and the te-form and ใชใ„-form as building blocks. The plain forms (ใตใคใ†ใ‘ใ„, ๆ™ฎ้€šๅฝข) are the dictionary-level versions of verbs, adjectives and ใงใ™. They are what you use with friends and family, in diaries and notes, and, most importantly for grammar, inside longer sentences, where almost every pattern from here on attaches to a plain form.

The rule in one box Every predicate has four plain forms: present (dictionary), present negative (ใ€œใชใ„), past (ใ€œใŸ) and past negative (ใ€œใชใ‹ใฃใŸ). The ใŸ-form is made exactly like the te-form with ใฆ โ†’ ใŸ and ใง โ†’ ใ . Adjectives and nouns have their own plain forms (ใ€œใ‹ใฃใŸ, ใ€œใ ใฃใŸ ...).

1. The four plain forms of verbs

PolitePresent (dictionary)NegativePastPast negative
ใ‹ใใพใ™ (write)
ใฎใฟใพใ™ (drink)
ใ‹ใ„ใพใ™ (buy)
ใŸในใพใ™ (eat)
ใ—ใพใ™ (do)
ใใพใ™ (come)
ใ„ใใพใ™ (go)

The ใŸ-form: the te-form's twin

Te-formPast (ใŸ-form)Example
ใ€œใฃใฆใ€œใฃใŸใ‹ใฃใฆ โ†’ ใ‹ใฃใŸ; ใพใฃใฆ โ†’ ใพใฃใŸ; ใฎใฃใฆ โ†’ ใฎใฃใŸ
ใ€œใ‚“ใงใ€œใ‚“ใ ใฎใ‚“ใง โ†’ ใฎใ‚“ใ ; ใ‚ใใ‚“ใง โ†’ ใ‚ใใ‚“ใ ; ใ—ใ‚“ใง โ†’ ใ—ใ‚“ใ 
ใ€œใ„ใฆใ€œใ„ใŸใ‹ใ„ใฆ โ†’ ใ‹ใ„ใŸ
ใ€œใ„ใงใ€œใ„ใ ใŠใ‚ˆใ„ใง โ†’ ใŠใ‚ˆใ„ใ 
ใ€œใ—ใฆใ€œใ—ใŸใฏใชใ—ใฆ โ†’ ใฏใชใ—ใŸ
ใ€œใฆ (Group 2)ใ€œใŸใŸในใฆ โ†’ ใŸในใŸ
ใ„ใฃใฆ (exception)ใ„ใฃใŸใ„ใ โ†’ ใ„ใฃใŸ

If you can form the te-form, you can form the plain past: just swap the last kana.

2. Plain forms of adjectives and ใงใ™

TypePresentNegativePastPast negative
ใ„-adjective
ใŸใ‹ใ„ (expensive)
ใ„-adjective, ใ„ใ„
ใช-adjective
ใ—ใšใ‹ (quiet)
Noun + ใงใ™
ใŒใใ›ใ„ (student)
Watch out: ใ  is not "polite" ใงใ™ minus a letter ใ  is the plain copula, but it is blunt and in conversation is often dropped or changed. ใงใ™ is replaced by ใ  at the end of a plain sentence (ใใ‚‡ใ†ใฏ ใ‚ใ‚ใ ), and ใ  stays before ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ† and ใ‹ใ‚‰ (ใ‚ใ‚ใ ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™, ใ‚ใ‚ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰). Before a noun, though, ใ  turns into ใช (ใ—ใšใ‹ใช ใพใก) or ใฎ (ใ‚ใ‚ใฎ ใฒ), and before ใฎใง it becomes ใช. Remember: ใ„-adjectives do not take ใ  in ordinary speech. They are already plain: ใŸใ‹ใ„, not ใŸใ‹ใ„ใ .

3. Where plain forms are used

PlaceExampleNote
With friends, family, close colleagues
Are you going tomorrow? โ€” Yeah, I am.
See Chapter 7.
Diaries, notes, informal writing
Today I saw a film with a friend. It was interesting.
The diary style ends sentences in plain forms.
Inside a longer sentence (before ใจ, ใ‹ใ‚‰, ใฎใง ...)
I think it will rain tomorrow.
The polite ending sits on the final verb only.
Describing a noun (relative clauses)
The book I bought yesterday is interesting.
The verb before a noun is always plain.
Patterns that attach to plain forms
You'd better eat now.

I have been to Japan.
ใ€œใŸ ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ and ใ€œใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹: Chapter 11.
Watch out: only the last verb is polite Never write polite forms inside a clause: is wrong. Say . In a sentence with several clauses, only the final predicate carries the politeness level, and every earlier one is plain (or a te-form). This is what the plain forms are for.

Reasons with ใ‹ใ‚‰ and ใฎใง

ใ‹ใ‚‰ and ใฎใง follow plain (or polite) forms: "Because it is raining, I'll take an umbrella." Before ใฎใง, ใ  becomes ใช for nouns and ใช-adjectives: .

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Plain forms in friendly talk, in writing and inside a polite sentence.

โ‘  Between friends

A: Kinล nani o shita? What did you do yesterday?
B: Eiga o mita. Omoshirokatta yo. I saw a film. It was good.

โ‘ก A diary entry

ๆ—ฅ่จ˜: Kyล wa asa hayaku okita. Tenki wa yokatta. Sanpo o shite, hirugohan o tabeta. Today I got up early. The weather was good. I went for a walk and had lunch.

โ‘ข Plain inside, polite outside

A: Ashita wa dล desu ka. What about tomorrow?
B: Ame ga furu to omoimasu kara, ie ni imasu. I think it will rain, so I'll stay at home.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

PresentNeg.PastPast neg.
Verbใฎใ‚€ใฎใพใชใ„ใฎใ‚“ใ ใฎใพใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใ„-adjใŸใ‹ใ„ใŸใ‹ใใชใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‹ใฃใŸใŸใ‹ใใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใช-adjใ—ใšใ‹ใ ใ—ใšใ‹ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ—ใšใ‹ใ ใฃใŸใ—ใšใ‹ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
NounใŒใใ›ใ„ใ ใŒใใ›ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใŒใใ›ใ„ใ ใฃใŸใŒใใ›ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ‹ใฃใŸ

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Plain past of , and .

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2. Plain past of , and .

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3. Plain past negative of and .

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4. Plain past of and plain negative of .

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; .

5. Plain past and plain past negative of (famous, ใช-adjective).

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; .

6. Make plain:

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7. Say "I think he will come" (polite ending, plain clause).

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8. Say "The book I bought yesterday is interesting."

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9. Write a two-sentence diary entry in plain past: you went to the park, it was fun.

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10. Spot the error:

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An ใ„-adjective takes no ใ .

Coming up in Chapter 7: Polite or Plain? Speech Styles. When to use which, mixing styles, plain speech with friends and family, and the sentence-final particles ใ‚ˆ, ใญ, ใฎ, ใ‹ใช.