This, That & Where
Japanese Grammar 1
Chapter 7 ยท This, That & Where: Demonstratives, Existence and Place
๐ This, That and Where โ ใใใปใใใปใใใปใฉใ
How do you point at things, ask where they are, and say what is where? This chapter has two parts. The first is the neat family of "this / that / which" words that all follow one pattern, the ko-so-a-do series. The second is existence: ใใใพใ for things, ใใพใ for people and animals, and the words for position (ใใ, ใใ, ใชใ, ใจใชใ).
1. The ko-so-a-do table
| ko- near me | so- near you | a- far from both | do- which? | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| thing (pronoun) -re | ใใ kore this one | ใใ sore that one | ใใ are that one over there | ใฉใ dore which one? |
| before a noun -no | ใใฎ kono this ... | ใใฎ sono that ... | ใใฎ ano that ... over there | ใฉใฎ dono which ...? |
| place -ko | ใใ koko here | ใใ soko there | ใใใ asoko over there | ใฉใ doko where? |
| direction / polite -chira | ใใกใ kochira | ใใกใ sochira | ใใกใ achira | ใฉใกใ dochira |
ใใ is alone, ใใฎ needs a noun
| Japanese | Say it | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใฏ ใปใใงใใ | kore wa hon desu | This is a book. |
| ใใฎ ใปใใฏ ใใใใฎใงใใ | kono hon wa watashi no desu | This book is mine. |
| ใใใฏ ใชใใงใใใ | sore wa nan desu ka | What is that (near you)? |
| ใใฎ ใฒใจใฏ ใ ใใงใใใ | ano hito wa dare desu ka | Who is that person over there? |
| ใฉใใ ใใชใใใใฎ ใใใงใใใ | dore ga Tanaka-san no kasa desu ka | Which one is Mr Tanaka's umbrella? |
When is it ใ and when is it ใ?
The ko / so / a choice depends on distance from the speaker and listener. So is also the word for something the other person just mentioned, even if it is far away: A: ใใฎใ ใใใใ ใฟใพใใใB: ใใใฏ ใฉใใช ใใใใงใใใใ ("A: I saw a film yesterday. B: What kind of film was it?"). A is used for things both of you know, but are not present.
2. ใใใพใ and ใใพใ: existence
Japanese has two verbs for "there is, exists", chosen by what exists:
| Verb | Use for | Negative | Past | Past negative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใใใพใ arimasu | things, plants, events (non-moving) | ใใใพใใ | ใใใพใใ | ใใใพใใใงใใ |
| ใใพใ imasu | people and animals (moving, alive) | ใใพใใ | ใใพใใ | ใใพใใใงใใ |
Two patterns
The same fact can be said in two shapes, depending on what you want to emphasise:
| Pattern | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| PLACE ใซ THING ใ ใใใพใ / ใใพใ | introduce what is in a place (new information); answers "what is there?" | ใคใใใฎ ใใใซ ใปใใ ใใใพใใ tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu There is a book on the desk. |
| THING ใฏ PLACE ใซ ใใใพใ / ใใพใ | say where a known thing is; answers "where is it?" | ใปใใฏ ใคใใใฎ ใใใซ ใใใพใใ hon wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu The book is on the desk. |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ใใใซ ใชใซใ ใใใพใใใ (What is here?) | ใปใใ ใใใพใใ (There is a book.) |
| ใปใใฏ ใฉใใซ ใใใพใใใ (Where is the book?) | ใคใใใฎ ใใใซ ใใใพใใ (On the desk.) |
| ใใใซ ใ ใใ ใใพใใใ (Who is here?) | ใขใณใใใใ ใใพใใ (Anna is.) |
3. Words for position
Japanese has no prepositions. Position words are nouns, and they follow the reference object with ใฎ: [object] ใฎ [position word] ใซ.
| Position | Japanese | Example |
|---|---|---|
| on, above | ใใ ue | ใใผใใซใฎ ใใ on the table |
| under, below | ใใ shita | ใใใฎ ใใ under the chair |
| inside | ใชใ naka | ใใฐใใฎ ใชใ in the bag |
| outside | ใใจ soto | ใใใฎ ใใจ outside the house |
| in front of | ใพใ mae | ใใใฎ ใพใ in front of the station |
| behind | ใใใ ushiro | ใใขใฎ ใใใ behind the door |
| next to (a thing of the same kind) | ใจใชใ tonari | ใใใใใฎ ใจใชใ next to the bank |
| beside | ใใ yoko | ใใใใฎ ใใ beside the bed |
| near | ใกใใ chikaku | ใใใฎ ใกใใ near the station |
| between | ใใใ aida | ใใใใใจ ใใใณใใใใใฎ ใใใ between the bank and the post office |
| left / right | ใฒใ ใ / ใฟใ hidari / migi | ใฟใใซ ใใใพใ it's on the right |
A few examples with ใใใพใ and ใใพใ
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใฐใใฎ ใชใใซ ใใใตใ ใใใพใใ kaban no naka ni saifu ga arimasu | There is a wallet in the bag. |
| ใใใฎ ใใใซ ใญใใ ใใพใใ isu no shita ni neko ga imasu | There is a cat under the chair. |
| ใใใฎ ใจใชใใซ ใณใณใใใ ใใใพใใ eki no tonari ni konbini ga arimasu | There is a convenience store next to the station. |
| ใใใใใฏ ใใใฎ ใกใใใซ ใใใพใใ kลen wa eki no chikaku ni arimasu | The park is near the station. |
When the question is only "where is X?", you can also use ใงใ instead of ใใใพใ: ใใใฏ ใฉใใงใใใ โ ใใใใงใใ eki wa doko desu ka. โ asoko desu ("Where is the station? โ Over there.").
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Pointing and placing in real exchanges. Read each aloud.
โ What's this?
โก Asking the way
โข In the bag
๐ Quick Reference
| Idea | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| This / that one | ใใ ยท ใใ ยท ใใ ยท ใฉใ | ใใใฏ ใปใใงใใ |
| This / that + noun | ใใฎ ยท ใใฎ ยท ใใฎ ยท ใฉใฎ + N | ใใฎ ใปใ |
| Here / there / where | ใใ ยท ใใ ยท ใใใ ยท ใฉใ | ใฉใใงใใใ |
| Introduce what is there | PLACE ใซ THING ใ ใใใพใ / ใใพใ | ใธใใซ ใญใใ ใใพใใ |
| Say where it is | THING ใฏ PLACE ใซ ใใใพใ / ใใพใ | ใญใใฏ ใธใใซ ใใพใใ |
| Position | N ใฎ ใใ / ใใ / ใชใ / ใจใชใ ใซ | ใคใใใฎ ใใใซ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Choose ใใ or ใใฎ: __ ใปใใฏ ใใใใฎใงใใ
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ใใฎ: before a noun, use ใใฎ.
2. You point at something near your listener. Ask "What is that?"
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ใใใฏ ใชใใงใใใ
3. Say "Where is the station?" in two ways.
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ใใใฏ ใฉใใงใใใ and ใใใฏ ใฉใใซ ใใใพใใใ
4. Choose ใใใพใ or ใใพใ: ใใใใใซ ใใ __ใ and ใใใใใซ ใญใใ __ใ
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ใใใพใ for the tree (it doesn't move on its own); ใใพใ for the cat.
5. Say "There is a wallet in the bag."
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ใใฐใใฎ ใชใใซ ใใใตใ ใใใพใใ
6. Say "The cat is under the chair."
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ใญใใฏ ใใใฎ ใใใซ ใใพใใ
7. Say "The bank is next to the station."
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ใใใใใฏ ใใใฎ ใจใชใใซ ใใใพใใ
8. Ask "Who is here?" and answer "Anna is."
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ใใใซ ใ ใใ ใใพใใใ / ใขใณใใใใ ใใพใใ
9. Introduce Mr Tanaka politely: "This is Mr Tanaka."
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ใใกใใฏ ใใชใใใใงใใ (not ใใใฏ)
10. Say "Nobody is here" (ใ ใใ + negative).
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ใใใซ ใ ใใ ใใพใใใ