Cooking & Recipes

Japanese Basic Conversation 4

Chapter 2 ยท Cooking & Recipes: Ingredients, Instructions & Kitchen Talk

๐Ÿณ Cooking & Recipes โ€” ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Šใจ ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”

Following a recipe means linking steps in order, so this chapter is about the te-form chain (ใใฃใฆใ€ใ„ใŸใ‚ใฆใ€ใซใพใ™), the "after" pattern ใ€œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰, and the "without doing" pattern ใ€œใชใ„ใง. You also learn the units (ใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ , ใŠใŠใ•ใ˜), the cooking verbs and the words for taste. There is no romaji except in the vocabulary table. Each dialog is followed by a Words note with English meanings.

โ‘  Buying the Ingredients โ€” ใ–ใ„ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ ใ‹ใ†

A: I want to make nikujaga. What ingredients do I need?
B: Beef, potatoes, onions and carrots.
A: How many grams of beef do I need?
B: For two people, about 200 grams.
A: I have soy sauce and sugar at home.
B: Then the vegetable section is over there.
Words: ใซใใ˜ใ‚ƒใŒ beef and potato stew ยท ใŽใ‚…ใ†ใซใ beef ยท ใตใŸใ‚Šใถใ‚“ enough for two ยท ใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ  grams ยท ใ‚ณใƒผใƒŠใƒผ section

โ‘ก Following the Recipe โ€” ใคใใ‚Šใ‹ใŸ

A: First, cut the vegetables, and cut the meat too.
B: Yes, done. What's next?
A: Put oil in the pan and stir-fry the meat.
B: When the meat changes colour, do I add the vegetables?
A: Yes. Then add water, soy sauce and sugar, and simmer for 15 minutes.
B: May I simmer it with the lid on?
A: Yes, simmer it with the lid on.
Words: ใใ‚‹ cut ยท ใ„ใŸใ‚ใ‚‹ stir-fry ยท ใ„ใ‚ใŒ ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ change colour ยท ใซใ‚‹ simmer ยท ใตใŸ lid ยท ใชใน pot

โ‘ข Seasoning โ€” ใ‚ใ˜ใคใ‘

A: How do I season it?
B: Two tablespoons of soy sauce and one of sugar.
B: Please don't add too much soy sauce. It'll get salty.
A: May I taste it?
B: Yes, please try it.
A: It's a bit sweet. Let's add a little salt.
Words: ใ‚ใ˜ใคใ‘ seasoning ยท ใŠใŠใ•ใ˜ tablespoon ยท ใ—ใ‚‡ใฃใฑใ„ salty ยท ใ‚ใ˜ใ‚’ ใฟใ‚‹ taste (to check) ยท ใŸใ™ add

โ‘ฃ Cooking Pasta โ€” ใƒ‘ใ‚นใ‚ฟ

A: Please tell me how to make pasta.
B: First, boil water and add salt.
A: And then?
B: Put the pasta in and boil it for 10 minutes.
A: After boiling it, you drain the water, right?
B: Yes. Then mix it with the sauce in a frying pan, and it's done.
Words: ใŠใ‚† hot water ยท ใ‚ใ‹ใ™ boil (water) ยท ใ‚†ใงใ‚‹ boil (food) ยท ใŠใ‚†ใ‚’ ใใ‚‹ drain ยท ใพใœใ‚‹ mix ยท ใงใใ‚ใŒใ‚Š finished

โ‘ค Without โ€” ใ€œใชใ„ใง

A: Please make a rolled omelette.
B: May I make it without soy sauce?
A: Yes. It's tasty with just salt.
B: Do I make the heat strong?
A: No, don't make it strong; cook on a low heat.
Words: ใŸใพใ”ใ‚„ใ rolled omelette ยท ใฒ heat, fire ยท ใคใ‚ˆใ„ / ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ„ strong / weak ยท ใ‚ˆใ‚ใณ low heat ยท ใ‚„ใ grill, fry

โ‘ฅ Between Friends (casual) โ€” ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใจ

A: What are you making for dinner?
B: Curry. Cut the onions, fry them with meat, add water and simmer.
A: And the roux?
B: I add it after simmering. Take care not to add too much.
Words: ใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผ curry ยท ใƒซใ‚ฆ roux block ยท ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใญ make sure not to... (Chapter 5)

๐Ÿ”‘ Key Phrases โ€” ใ ใ„ใ˜ใช ใฒใ‚‡ใ†ใ’ใ‚“

EnglishPolite (ใงใ™ / ใพใ™)Casual (friends)
First cut the vegetables.
Add water and simmer.
After boiling, drain it.
Please don't add too much salt.
May I taste it?
It's done!

๐Ÿ”ค Three Verbs โ€” ใฉใ†ใ—

VerbPolitePlainใชใ„-formใฆ-form
to cut (ใใ‚‹, G1)
to boil (ใ‚†ใงใ‚‹, G2)
to stir-fry (ใ„ใŸใ‚ใ‚‹, G2)

ใใ‚‹ "cut" (ๅˆ‡ใ‚‹, Group 1) is a different verb from ใใ‚‹ "wear" (็€ใ‚‹, Group 2, Japanese Basic Conversation 3 1). They sound the same but are conjugated differently: ใใฃใฆ (cut) and ใใฆ (wear).

๐Ÿงฐ Grammar Tools โ€” ใถใ‚“ใฝใ†

1. Chaining steps with the ใฆ-form

To list actions in the order they happen, use the ใฆ-form for every verb except the last, and put the tense and politeness only on the final verb: "Cut the vegetables, stir-fry them and simmer." This is how recipes are written and spoken.

PatternExample
Vโ‚ใฆใ€Vโ‚‚ใฆใ€Vโ‚ƒใพใ™
in the past
as instructions
casual (plain at the end)
"and then" begin a new step

2. ใ€œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰: "after doing"

You learned ใ€œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ in Japanese Basic Conversation 3 3. In a recipe it stresses that one step must be finished before the next: "After boiling, drain it." "Add the roux after simmering." A simple ใฆ-chain tells the order; ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ insists on it.

3. ใ€œใชใ„ใง: "without doing" and "please don't"

The ใชใ„-form + ใง has two uses. It means "without doing X": "I make it without soy sauce." And with ใใ ใ•ใ„ it means "please don't":

Plainใชใ„-form+ ใง

Examples: "I fry it without a lid." "I make it without using oil." In writing you may see the formal ใ€œใšใซ (ใ„ใ‚Œใšใซ) with the same meaning (recognise only).

Watch out: ใชใ„ใง vs ใชใใฆ ใ€œใชใ„ใง means "without doing" (an accompanying action) or "please don't". ใ€œใชใใฆ gives a reason or links states: ใ—ใŠใŒ ใชใใฆ ใ“ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ("there was no salt, so I was in trouble"). For "without ..." with a thing, use ใ€œใชใ—ใง (ใ•ใจใ†ใชใ—ใง, "without sugar").

4. Quantities, cuts and cooking verbs

TypeJapaneseMeaning
weight / volumegrams / kg / ml / litres
spoons and cupstablespoon / teaspoon / cup
counting itemssmall items / long items / flat items
cutscut / finely chopped / thinly sliced
heat methodsboil / stir-fry / simmer / grill, fry / deep-fry
seasoningssalt / sugar / soy sauce / miso / vinegar / oil
tastesweet / spicy / salty / bitter / weak / strong

๐Ÿ“ฐ Reading โ€” ใ‚ˆใฟใ‚‚ใฎ

Read the recipe with kanji (readings in brackets). If it's too hard, open the kana-only version below it. Then answer the true/false questions.

ใ‹ใ‚“ใŸใ‚“ใช ใซใใ˜ใ‚ƒใŒ

Show the kana-only version

English: Easy nikujaga. Ingredients for two: 200 g beef, 2 potatoes, 1 onion, 1 carrot, 2 tablespoons soy sauce, 1 tablespoon sugar, 200 ml water. First cut the vegetables, and cut the meat too. Next, put oil in a pot and stir-fry the meat. When the meat changes colour, add the vegetables and stir-fry. Then add the water, soy sauce and sugar and simmer for 15 minutes. Simmer with the lid on. When the vegetables are soft, it's done. Eat it right away.

Words: ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ„ soft ยท ใ™ใใซ immediately ยท ใคใŽใซ next

1. The recipe uses 200 grams of beef.

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True: ใŽใ‚…ใ†ใซใ 200ใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ .

2. You add the vegetables before frying the meat.

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False: you fry the meat first, then add the vegetables when the meat changes colour.

3. You simmer it for 15 minutes.

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True: 15ใตใ‚“ ใซใพใ™.

4. You simmer it without a lid.

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False: ใตใŸใ‚’ ใ—ใฆ ใซใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ (with the lid on).

๐Ÿ“– Vocabulary โ€” ใ”ใ„

20 key words for cooking. This table is the only place with romaji: use the Say it column.

#JapaneseSay itEnglishType
1reshipirecipenoun
2zairyลingredientsnoun
3guramugramnoun
4miririttorumillilitrenoun
5ลsajitablespoonnoun
6kosajiteaspoonnoun
7shiosaltnoun
8satลsugarnoun
9shลyusoy saucenoun
10aburaoilnoun
11nabepot, pannoun
12furaipanfrying pannoun
13futalidnoun
14ajitaste, flavournoun
15kirimasucutverb
16yudemasuboil (food)verb
17itamemasustir-fryverb
18nimasusimmerverb
19yakimasugrill; fryverb
20mazemasumixverb
Real Japanese Tip โ€” The Japanese Kitchen Japanese recipes usually give amounts by weight and spoon (ใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ , ใŠใŠใ•ใ˜, ใ“ใ•ใ˜) rather than cups, and the cup used in Japanese recipes is often 200 ml (a rice cup, 1ใ”ใ†, is about 180 ml, so check). Flat-top gas hobs with a built-in fish grill, a rice cooker and a small kitchen are typical. Long cooking chopsticks (ใ•ใ„ใฐใ—) are common for stirring and frying. Stock (ใ ใ—) made from kelp and bonito is the base of much Japanese cooking.
Real Japanese Tip โ€” Before and After a Meal A meal begins with ใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ and ends with ใ”ใกใใ†ใ•ใพใงใ—ใŸ, said to whoever cooked or paid. In a recipe the last line is often ใงใใ‚ใŒใ‚Š ("it's done"). Many supermarkets sell vegetables and fish already cut into portions for one or two people, which suits the small households common in Japan.
Kanji Spotlight โ€” ๆฐด and ็ซ Cooking words are full of these two: ๆฐด (mizu, sui, water) in ๆฐดใ‚’ ใ„ใ‚Œใ‚‹ "add water", and ็ซ (hi, ka, fire, heat) in ็ซใ‚’ ใจใ‚ใ‚‹ "turn off the heat" and ใ‚ˆใ‚็ซ / ใคใ‚ˆ็ซ. Have a look: ๆฐด โ–ธ ยท ็ซ โ–ธ

โœ๏ธ Try It Yourself โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Say each answer out loud first, then click to check.

1. Give the instruction "Cut the onion, stir-fry it and add water."

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2. Say "After boiling it, drain the water."

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3. Say "Please don't add too much sugar."

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4. Say "I make it without oil."

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5. Ask "May I taste it?" and say "It's a bit salty."

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6. Make the ใฆ-form of: ใใ‚‹ (cut), ใ‚†ใงใ‚‹, ใพใœใ‚‹, ใ‚„ใ.

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