Cooking & Recipes
Japanese Basic Conversation 4
Chapter 2 ยท Cooking & Recipes: Ingredients, Instructions & Kitchen Talk
๐ณ Cooking & Recipes โ ใใใใใจ ใฌใทใ
Following a recipe means linking steps in order, so this chapter is about the te-form chain (ใใฃใฆใใใใใฆใใซใพใ), the "after" pattern ใใฆใใ, and the "without doing" pattern ใใชใใง. You also learn the units (ใฐใฉใ , ใใใใ), the cooking verbs and the words for taste. There is no romaji except in the vocabulary table. Each dialog is followed by a Words note with English meanings.
โ Buying the Ingredients โ ใใใใใใ ใใ
โก Following the Recipe โ ใคใใใใ
โข Seasoning โ ใใใคใ
โฃ Cooking Pasta โ ใในใฟ
โค Without โ ใใชใใง
โฅ Between Friends (casual) โ ใจใใ ใกใจ
๐ Key Phrases โ ใ ใใใช ใฒใใใใ
| English | Polite (ใงใ / ใพใ) | Casual (friends) |
|---|---|---|
| First cut the vegetables. | ใพใใใใใใ ใใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ | ใพใใใใใใ ใใฃใฆใ |
| Add water and simmer. | ใฟใใ ใใใฆใใซใพใใ | ใฟใใ ใใใฆใใซใใ |
| After boiling, drain it. | ใใงใฆใใใใใใ ใใใพใใ | ใใงใฆใใใใใใ ใใใ |
| Please don't add too much salt. | ใใใ ใใใใใชใใง ใใ ใใใ | ใใ ใใใใใชใใงใญใ |
| May I taste it? | ใใใ ใฟใฆใ ใใใงใใใ | ใใ ใฟใฆ ใใ? |
| It's done! | ใงใใใใใงใใ | ใงใใ! |
๐ค Three Verbs โ ใฉใใ
| Verb | Polite | Plain | ใชใ-form | ใฆ-form |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| to cut (ใใ, G1) | ใใใพใ | ใใ | ใใใชใ | ใใฃใฆ |
| to boil (ใใงใ, G2) | ใใงใพใ | ใใงใ | ใใงใชใ | ใใงใฆ |
| to stir-fry (ใใใใ, G2) | ใใใใพใ | ใใใใ | ใใใใชใ | ใใใใฆ |
ใใ "cut" (ๅใ, Group 1) is a different verb from ใใ "wear" (็ใ, Group 2, Japanese Basic Conversation 3 1). They sound the same but are conjugated differently: ใใฃใฆ (cut) and ใใฆ (wear).
๐งฐ Grammar Tools โ ใถใใฝใ
1. Chaining steps with the ใฆ-form
To list actions in the order they happen, use the ใฆ-form for every verb except the last, and put the tense and politeness only on the final verb: ใใใใ ใใฃใฆใใใใใฆใใซใพใใ "Cut the vegetables, stir-fry them and simmer." This is how recipes are written and spoken.
| Pattern | Example |
|---|---|
| VโใฆใVโใฆใVโใพใ | ใใพใญใใ ใใฃใฆใใใใใฆใใฟใใ ใใใพใใ |
| in the past | ในใผใใผใธ ใใฃใฆใใใใใ ใใฃใฆใใใกใซ ใใใใพใใใ |
| as instructions | ใใฃใฆใใใใฆใใพใใฆ ใใ ใใใ |
| casual (plain at the end) | ใใฃใฆใใใใใฆใใซใใ |
| "and then" | ใใใใ / ใคใใซ / ใใใฆ begin a new step |
2. ใใฆใใ: "after doing"
You learned ใใฆใใ in Japanese Basic Conversation 3 3. In a recipe it stresses that one step must be finished before the next: ใใงใฆใใใใใใ ใใใพใใ "After boiling, drain it." ใซใฆใใใใซใฆใ ใใใพใใ "Add the roux after simmering." A simple ใฆ-chain tells the order; ใฆใใ insists on it.
3. ใใชใใง: "without doing" and "please don't"
The ใชใ-form + ใง has two uses. It means "without doing X": ใใใใใ ใใใชใใง ใคใใใพใใ "I make it without soy sauce." And with ใใ ใใ it means "please don't": ใใใ ใใใใใชใใง ใใ ใใใ
| Plain | ใชใ-form | + ใง |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใ | ใใใชใ | ใใใชใใง |
| ใคใใ | ใคใใใชใ | ใคใใใชใใง |
| ใใ | ใใชใ | ใใชใใง |
| ใในใ | ใในใชใ | ใในใชใใง |
Examples: ใตใใ ใใชใใง ใใใพใใ "I fry it without a lid." ใใถใใ ใคใใใชใใง ใคใใใพใใ "I make it without using oil." In writing you may see the formal ใใใซ (ใใใใซ) with the same meaning (recognise only).
4. Quantities, cuts and cooking verbs
| Type | Japanese | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| weight / volume | ใฐใฉใ / ใญใญ / ใใชใชใใใซ / ใชใใใซ | grams / kg / ml / litres |
| spoons and cups | ใใใใ / ใใใ / ใซใใ | tablespoon / teaspoon / cup |
| counting items | 1ใ, 2ใ / 1ใฝใ, 2ใปใ / 1ใพใ, 2ใพใ | small items / long items / flat items |
| cuts | ใใ / ใฟใใใใ / ใใใใ | cut / finely chopped / thinly sliced |
| heat methods | ใใงใ / ใใใใ / ใซใ / ใใ / ใใใ | boil / stir-fry / simmer / grill, fry / deep-fry |
| seasonings | ใใ / ใใจใ / ใใใใ / ใฟใ / ใ / ใใถใ | salt / sugar / soy sauce / miso / vinegar / oil |
| taste | ใใพใ / ใใใ / ใใใฃใฑใ / ใซใใ / ใใใ / ใใ | sweet / spicy / salty / bitter / weak / strong |
๐ฐ Reading โ ใใฟใใฎ
Read the recipe with kanji (readings in brackets). If it's too hard, open the kana-only version below it. Then answer the true/false questions.
ใใใใใช ใซใใใใ
ไบไบบๅ(ใตใใใถใ)ใฎ ๆๆ(ใใใใใ)ใฏใ็่(ใใ ใใซใ) 200ใฐใฉใ ใใใใใใ 2ใใใใพใญใ 1ใใใซใใใ 1ใฝใใใใใใ ๅคง(ใใ)ใใ2ใใใจใ ๅคงใใ1ใๆฐด(ใฟใ) 200ใใชใชใใใซใงใใใพใใใใใใ ๅ(ใ)ใฃใฆใ่ใ ๅใใพใใใคใใซใใชในใซ ๆฒน(ใใถใ)ใ ใใใฆใ่ใ ใใใใพใใ่ใฎ ่ฒ(ใใ)ใ ใใใฃใใใใใใใ ใใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใๆฐดใจ ใใใใใจ ใใจใใ ใใใฆใ15ๅ(ใตใ) ใซใพใใใตใใ ใใฆ ใซใฆ ใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใใใใ ใชใฃใใใใงใใใใใงใใใใใซ ้ฃ(ใ)ในใพใใใใ
Show the kana-only version
ใตใใใถใใฎ ใใใใใใฏใใใ ใใซใ 200ใฐใฉใ ใใใใใใ 2ใใใใพใญใ 1ใใใซใใใ 1ใฝใใใใใใ ใใใใ2ใใใจใ ใใใใ1ใใฟใ 200ใใชใชใใใซใงใใใพใใใใใใ ใใฃใฆใใซใใ ใใใพใใใคใใซใใชในใซ ใใถใใ ใใใฆใใซใใ ใใใใพใใใซใใฎ ใใใ ใใใฃใใใใใใใ ใใใฆใใใใใพใใใใใใใใฟใใจ ใใใใใจ ใใจใใ ใใใฆใ15ใตใ ใซใพใใใตใใ ใใฆ ใซใฆ ใใ ใใใใใใใ ใใใใใ ใชใฃใใใใงใใใใใงใใใใใซ ใในใพใใใใ
English: Easy nikujaga. Ingredients for two: 200 g beef, 2 potatoes, 1 onion, 1 carrot, 2 tablespoons soy sauce, 1 tablespoon sugar, 200 ml water. First cut the vegetables, and cut the meat too. Next, put oil in a pot and stir-fry the meat. When the meat changes colour, add the vegetables and stir-fry. Then add the water, soy sauce and sugar and simmer for 15 minutes. Simmer with the lid on. When the vegetables are soft, it's done. Eat it right away.
Words: ใใใใใ soft ยท ใใใซ immediately ยท ใคใใซ next
1. The recipe uses 200 grams of beef.
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True: ใใ ใใซใ 200ใฐใฉใ .
2. You add the vegetables before frying the meat.
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False: you fry the meat first, then add the vegetables when the meat changes colour.
3. You simmer it for 15 minutes.
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True: 15ใตใ ใซใพใ.
4. You simmer it without a lid.
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False: ใตใใ ใใฆ ใซใฆ ใใ ใใ (with the lid on).
๐ Vocabulary โ ใใ
20 key words for cooking. This table is the only place with romaji: use the Say it column.
| # | Japanese | Say it | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ใฌใทใ | reshipi | recipe | noun |
| 2 | ใใใใใ (ๆๆ) | zairyล | ingredients | noun |
| 3 | ใฐใฉใ | guramu | gram | noun |
| 4 | ใใชใชใใใซ | miririttoru | millilitre | noun |
| 5 | ใใใใ (ๅคงใใ) | ลsaji | tablespoon | noun |
| 6 | ใใใ (ๅฐใใ) | kosaji | teaspoon | noun |
| 7 | ใใ (ๅกฉ) | shio | salt | noun |
| 8 | ใใจใ (็ ็ณ) | satล | sugar | noun |
| 9 | ใใใใ (้คๆฒน) | shลyu | soy sauce | noun |
| 10 | ใใถใ (ๆฒน) | abura | oil | noun |
| 11 | ใชใน (้) | nabe | pot, pan | noun |
| 12 | ใใฉใคใใณ | furaipan | frying pan | noun |
| 13 | ใตใ (่) | futa | lid | noun |
| 14 | ใใ (ๅณ) | aji | taste, flavour | noun |
| 15 | ใใใพใ (ๅใใพใ) | kirimasu | cut | verb |
| 16 | ใใงใพใ (่นใงใพใ) | yudemasu | boil (food) | verb |
| 17 | ใใใใพใ (็ใใพใ) | itamemasu | stir-fry | verb |
| 18 | ใซใพใ (็ ฎใพใ) | nimasu | simmer | verb |
| 19 | ใใใพใ (็ผใใพใ) | yakimasu | grill; fry | verb |
| 20 | ใพใใพใ (ๆททใใพใ) | mazemasu | mix | verb |
โ๏ธ Try It Yourself โ ใใใใ ใ
Say each answer out loud first, then click to check.
1. Give the instruction "Cut the onion, stir-fry it and add water."
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ใใพใญใใ ใใฃใฆใใใใใฆใใฟใใ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ
2. Say "After boiling it, drain the water."
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ใใงใฆใใใใใใ ใใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ
3. Say "Please don't add too much sugar."
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ใใจใใ ใใใใใชใใง ใใ ใใใ
4. Say "I make it without oil."
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ใใถใใ ใคใใใชใใง ใคใใใพใใ
5. Ask "May I taste it?" and say "It's a bit salty."
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ใใใ ใฟใฆใ ใใใงใใใใกใใฃใจ ใใใฃใฑใใงใใ
6. Make the ใฆ-form of: ใใ (cut), ใใงใ, ใพใใ, ใใ.
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ใใฃใฆใใใงใฆใใพใใฆใใใใฆ