Describing Things

Japanese Basic Conversation 2

Chapter 4 ยท Describing People & Things

๐ŸŽจ Describing People & Things โ€” ใฒใจใจ ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใ™

Adjectives let you say what people, places and things are like. Japanese has two kinds, and each behaves differently: ใ„-adjectives (which end in ใ„ and change their ending) and ใช-adjectives (which stay as they are and take ใช before a noun). This chapter teaches both, with their negatives, with ใจใฆใ‚‚ and ใ‚ใพใ‚Š, and with the pattern that Japanese uses all the time to describe someone's features: ใ€œใฏ ใ€œใŒ ใ€œใงใ™. It is the last chapter in this course where the dialogs carry a romaji line.

โ‘  Describing a Friend โ€” ใจใ‚‚ใ ใก

A: Tomodachi wa donna hito desu ka. What kind of person is your friend?
B: Totemo genki na hito desu. A very lively person.
A: Se wa takai desu ka. Is he/she tall?
B: Hai, takai desu. Kami wa nagai desu. Yes, tall. And the hair is long.
A: Omoshiroi hito desu ka. Is he/she a funny person?
B: ฤ’, totemo omoshiroi desu. Yes, very funny.

โ‘ก Describing a City โ€” ใพใก

A: Tลkyล wa donna machi desu ka. What kind of city is Tokyo?
B: Totemo ลkii machi desu. Soshite, nigiyaka desu. A very big city. And it's lively.
A: Shizuka desu ka. Is it quiet?
B: ฤชe, amari shizuka ja arimasen. No, it's not very quiet.
A: Takai desu ka. Is it expensive?
B: ฤ’, sukoshi takai desu. Yes, a little expensive.

โ‘ข Looking at a Camera โ€” ใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉ

A: Kono kamera wa takai desu ka. Is this camera expensive?
B: ฤชe, takakunai desu. Yasui desu. No, it's not expensive. It's cheap.
A: Furui desu ka. Is it old?
B: ฤชe, atarashii desu. No, it's new.
A: Ii kamera desu ne. That's a good camera.

โ‘ฃ A Famous Person โ€” ใ‚†ใ†ใ‚ใ„ใช ใฒใจ

A: Ano hito wa yลซmei desu ka. Is that person famous?
B: Hai, totemo yลซmei desu. Yes, very famous.
A: Shinsetsu na hito desu ka. Is he/she kind?
B: ฤ’, totemo shinsetsu desu. Yes, very kind.
A: Hontล desu ka. Ii hito desu ne. Really? What a nice person.

โ‘ค Family Features โ€” ใ‹ใžใ

A: Okฤsan wa donna hito desu ka. What is your mother like?
B: Haha wa ryลri ga jลzu desu. My mother is good at cooking.
A: Otลsan wa? And your father?
B: Chichi wa se ga takai desu. My father is tall.
A: Ii desu ne. Nice.

โ‘ฅ Between Friends (casual) โ€” ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใจ

A: Sono kaban, kawaii ne. That bag is cute.
B: Arigatล. Amari takakunai yo. Thanks. It wasn't very expensive.
A: Hฤ“, ii ne. Oh, nice.
B: Un, ki ni itte iru. Yeah, I like it.

๐Ÿ”‘ Key Phrases โ€” ใ ใ„ใ˜ใช ใฒใ‚‡ใ†ใ’ใ‚“

EnglishPolite (ใงใ™ / ใพใ™)Casual (friends)
What kind of person / place is it?
Donna hito / tokoro desu ka.

Donna hito / tokoro?
It's very big.
Totemo ลkii desu.

Sugoku ลkii.
It's not very expensive.
Amari takakunai desu.

Amari takakunai.
It's not quiet.
Shizuka ja arimasen.

Shizuka ja nai.
Really?
Hontล desu ka.

Honto?
What a nice (person)!
Ii hito desu ne.

Ii hito da ne.

๐Ÿ”ค Three Verbs โ€” ใฉใ†ใ—

Verbs that often go with description. The plain form is for recognition for now.

VerbPolite (present)NegativePlain (dictionary)
to speak; talk (ใฏใชใ™)
hanashimasu

hanashimasen

hanasu
to be, exist (things) (ใ‚ใ‚‹)
arimasu

arimasen

aru
to be, exist (people) (ใ„ใ‚‹)
imasu

imasen

iru

๐Ÿงฐ Grammar Tools โ€” ใถใ‚“ใฝใ†

1. ใ„-adjectives

An ใ„-adjective ends in ใ„. It can stand before a noun as it is (, "a tall building") or end a sentence with ใงใ™ for politeness (). To make it negative, drop ใ„ and add ใใชใ„ใงใ™.

AdjectiveBefore a nounPolite presentPolite negative
tall; expensive
takakunai desu
big
ลkikunai desu
new
atarashikunai desu
good (exception)
yokunai desu

ใ„ใ„ ("good") is irregular: in every form except the plain present it becomes ใ‚ˆ-. So the negative is ใ‚ˆใใชใ„ใงใ™, never ใ„ใใชใ„ใงใ™.

2. ใช-adjectives

A ใช-adjective does not change. It takes ใช before a noun () and ใงใ™ at the end (). Its negative is ใ˜ใ‚ƒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ (or ใ˜ใ‚ƒ ใชใ„ใงใ™, a little more casual).

AdjectiveBefore a nounPolite presentPolite negative
quiet
shizuka ja arimasen
lively
nigiyaka ja arimasen
famous
yลซmei ja arimasen
kind
shinsetsu ja arimasen
Watch out: some ใช-adjectives end in ใ„ A few common ใช-adjectives look like ใ„-adjectives, and are the most common trap: ใใ‚Œใ„ (pretty, clean), ใ‚†ใ†ใ‚ใ„ (famous) and ใใ‚‰ใ„ (disliked, from Chapter 2). They say ใใ‚Œใ„ใช ใฒใจ and ใใ‚Œใ„ใ˜ใ‚ƒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“, not ใใ‚Œใใชใ„. If an adjective ending in ใ„ is followed by ใช before a noun, you know it is a ใช-adjective.

3. ใจใฆใ‚‚, ใ™ใ“ใ—, ใ‚ใพใ‚Š, ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“

These adverbs stand just before the adjective and tell you how much:

WordMeaningExample
totemovery
sukoshi / chottoa little
amarinot very (with a negative)
zenzennot at all (with a negative)

So the set phrase from Chapter 2, ใ‚ใพใ‚Š ใ™ใใ˜ใ‚ƒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“, is simply ใ‚ใพใ‚Š + a ใช-adjective in the negative.

4. ใ€œใฏ ใ€œใŒ ใ€œใงใ™: topic, feature, description

To describe a part or feature of something, Japanese uses two marked words: the topic with ใฏ and the feature with ใŒ, then the adjective. literally means "As for my father, the height is tall". The classic example is the elephant: "Elephants have long trunks."

SentenceMeaning

Tanaka-san wa kami ga nagai desu.
Tanaka has long hair.

Kono machi wa kลen ga ลkii desu.
In this city, the parks are big.

Haha wa ryลri ga jลzu desu.
My mother is good at cooking.

5. ใฉใ‚“ใช and ใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹

ใฉใ‚“ใช + noun asks what type: ใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ asks for an impression: "How is Japanese?"

6. Opposites

PairJapanese
tall / low
long / short
big / small
new / old (things)
expensive / cheap
difficult / easy
lively / quiet

๐Ÿ“– Vocabulary โ€” ใ”ใ„

20 key words for describing people, places and things.

#JapaneseRomajiEnglishType
1takaitall; expensivei-adj.
2hikuilowi-adj.
3nagailongi-adj.
4mijikaishort (length)i-adj.
5ลkiibigi-adj.
6chiisaismalli-adj.
7atarashiinewi-adj.
8furuiold (things)i-adj.
9yasuicheapi-adj.
10muzukashiidifficulti-adj.
11yasashiieasy; gentlei-adj.
12omoshiroiinteresting, funnyi-adj.
13shizukaquietna-adj.
14nigiyakalively, busyna-adj.
15genkiwell, livelyna-adj.
16yลซmeifamousna-adj.
17shinsetsukindna-adj.
18kireipretty; cleanna-adj.
19hitopersonnoun
20machitown, citynoun
Real Japanese Tip โ€” Praise, and What Not to Say Compliments in Japan usually go for character and style: ใ—ใ‚“ใ›ใค (kind), ใ’ใ‚“ใ (cheerful), ใŠใ—ใ‚ƒใ‚Œ (stylish). Avoid blunt comments about weight or age. And note that ใตใ‚‹ใ„ is for things: for a person who is older, you say ใจใ—ใ†ใˆ ("older in years") or simply give the age, because calling a person ใตใ‚‹ใ„ would be an insult.
Real Japanese Tip โ€” Humble Words for Your Own Family In dialog 5 the asker says ใŠใ‹ใ‚ใ•ใ‚“ and ใŠใจใ†ใ•ใ‚“ (your mother, your father: respectful), while the answerer says ใฏใฏ and ใกใก (my mother, my father: humble). Use the plain humble words for your own family when speaking to outsiders. For grammar behind this, see Japanese Grammar 1.
Kanji Spotlight โ€” ๆ–ฐ ๅค ๅบƒ ๆ–ฐ (atarashii, shin) means new, as in ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ and ๆ–ฐ่ž (newspaper). ๅค (furui, ko) means old (of things). ๅบƒ (hiroi, kล) means wide, spacious. They are very common on shop signs and in property listings. Have a look: ๆ–ฐ โ–ธ ยท ๅค โ–ธ ยท ๅบƒ โ–ธ

โœ๏ธ Try It Yourself โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Say each answer out loud first, then click to check.

1. Say "This city is very big."

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2. Make the negative: (expensive).

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Drop ใ„, add ใใชใ„ใงใ™.

3. Make the negative: (quiet).

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4. Say "It's not very good" using .

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ใ„ใ„ becomes ใ‚ˆใ-.

5. Say "She is a kind person" (use ).

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ใช goes before the noun.

6. Say "My father is tall" with the ใ€œใฏ ใ€œใŒ ใ€œใงใ™ pattern.

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Coming Up in Chapter 5 Your home and neighbourhood: ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ and ใ„ใพใ™ revisited, the place words ใ†ใˆ, ใ—ใŸ, ใชใ‹, ใจใชใ‚Š, ใ€œใซ ใ€œใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™, counters such as ใ€œใค, ใ€œใ“, ใ€œใพใ„, and the kinds of rooms you will meet in a Japanese flat. From Chapter 5 onward the dialogs no longer carry a romaji line; hard words get a note instead.