Written French

French Grammar 4

Chapter 12 · Written French

✒️ Written French — Le français écrit

Spoken and written French are not quite the same language. In a novel, a history book or a newspaper's literary pages you meet tenses that nobody uses in conversation: the passé simple and the imperfect subjunctive. You need to recognise them, not produce them. You do need to produce formal letters and emails correctly, and to match your register to your reader. This last chapter covers all three, then runs an error-spotting clinic over the whole grammar track and closes with a recap of the four courses.

The rule in one box Passé simple: the written past for finished events in narrative; in speech it is replaced by the passé composé. Learn the third person (il / elle / ils / elles) to read, since that is nearly all you will meet. Imperfect subjunctive: the written counterpart of the present subjunctive after a past main verb (Il fallait qu'il vînt); recognise it, and use the present subjunctive when you write yourself. Letters: a formal letter has a fixed frame (Madame, Monsieur, … Je vous prie d'agréer…) and uses vous.

The passé simple (for reading)

The passé simple tells a completed event in a story, like the English simple past. It is not used in conversation, where the passé composé does the same job. It is formed on the stem of the verb with its own endings:

GroupEndingsExample: il / ils
-er verbs-ai, -as, -a, -âmes, -âtes, -èrentparler → il parla · ils parlèrent
-ir and most -re verbs-is, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, -irentfinir → il finit · ils finirent · vendre → il vendit · ils vendirent
many irregular verbs (stem in u)-us, -us, -ut, -ûmes, -ûtes, -urentavoir → il eut · ils eurent · pouvoir → il put · vouloir → il voulut · savoir → il sut · boire → il but
êtrefus, fus, fut, fûmes, fûtes, furentIl fut surpris. · Ils furent heureux.
venir, tenir-ins, -ins, -int, -înmes, -întes, -inrentvenir → il vint · ils vinrent
other irregulars—faire → il fit · dire → il dit · voir → il vit · prendre → il prit · mettre → il mit
Watch out: some forms look like the present Il dit is both the present and the passé simple of dire, and il finit is both the present and the passé simple of finir. Only the context tells you which: in a story told in the past (with imparfait around it), read it as a passé simple (Il dit : « Entrez. » = he said, "Come in"). Most other forms differ from the present (il prit against il prend, il vit against il voit), so they are easy to spot.

How the passé simple and the imparfait work together

In a story the roles of the two tenses are the same as passé composé against imparfait (French Grammar 3 7): the imparfait paints the scene and the habits, the passé simple moves the plot on with finished events:

Il pleuvait. Marie ouvrit la porte, regarda dehors, puis sortit sans parapluie.
It was raining. Marie opened the door, looked outside, then went out without an umbrella.

To say the same in conversation: Il pleuvait. Marie a ouvert la porte, a regardé dehors, puis elle est sortie sans parapluie. The imparfait is unchanged; only the finished events switch tense. If you can read the passé composé, you can read the passé simple once you recognise the endings -a, -èrent, -it, -irent, -ut, -urent.

The imperfect subjunctive (recognition only)

After a past main verb, a very formal written style puts the subjunctive in the imparfait du subjonctif instead of the present (Chapter 9). It is built on the tu form of the passé simple + -sse:

VerbPassé simple (tu)Imperfect subjunctive (il)Example
parlerparlasqu'il parlâtIl fallait qu'il parlât.
finirfinisqu'il finîtElle voulait qu'il finît.
venirvinsqu'il vîntIl fallait qu'il vînt.
avoireusqu'il eûtIl craignait qu'elle n'eût peur.
êtrefusqu'il fûtBien qu'il fût fatigué, il continua.

How to spot it: the third person singular ends in a circumflex + t (-ât, -ît, -ût), the others contain -ss- (que nous parlassions). How to read it: translate it as an ordinary subjunctive: Il fallait qu'il vînt = he had to come. What to write yourself: the present subjunctive: Il fallait qu'il vienne. The same applies to the pluperfect subjunctive (qu'il fût venu), and to il eût su (= il aurait su) in the "second form" of the past conditional, which you will see in literature (Si j'eusse su, je ne serais pas venu = Si j'avais su…).

Watch out: one sentence, two registers Written, literary: Il fallait qu'elle partît avant qu'il ne fît jour. Written, ordinary: Il fallait qu'elle parte avant qu'il ne fasse jour. Spoken: Il fallait qu'elle parte avant qu'il fasse jour. All three mean "she had to leave before daybreak". The grammar of the clause is the same; only the register differs.

Formal letters and registers

French writing is more formal than English at the same distance between writer and reader. The choice of tu or vous and of the greeting and closing sets the register:

PartFormal (unknown reader, business)Friendly (friend, family)
greetingMadame, Monsieur, · Madame, · Monsieur,Cher Paul, · Chère Marie, · Salut Paul,
openingJe me permets de vous écrire au sujet de… · Suite à votre annonce… · Je vous remercie de votre message du…Merci pour ta lettre ! · Comment vas-tu ?
requestJe vous serais reconnaissant(e) de bien vouloir… · Pourriez-vous m'indiquer…Peux-tu me dire… ? · Tu pourrais m'envoyer… ?
closingJe vous prie d'agréer, Madame, Monsieur, l'expression de mes salutations distinguées. · Veuillez agréer… · Cordialement,Amitiés, · Bises, · À bientôt, · Je t'embrasse,
pronounsvous (always)tu

An example of a short formal email:

Madame, Monsieur,
Suite à votre annonce parue le 3 mars, je me permets de poser ma candidature au poste de comptable. Je vous serais reconnaissant de bien vouloir m'indiquer la date limite d'envoi des dossiers. Vous trouverez mon curriculum vitæ ci-joint.
Je vous prie d'agréer, Madame, Monsieur, l'expression de mes salutations distinguées.
Jean Martin

Useful points in written French:

  • Avoid contractions of the spoken language in formal writing: je ne sais pas, not j'sais pas; ne is always written; nous and on differ (on is informal).
  • Prefer inversion to est-ce que in formal questions: Pourriez-vous… ?, Avez-vous reçu… ?
  • Use the connectors of Chapter 10 to build the argument: d'abord, ensuite, en outre, cependant, en conclusion.
  • Women and men sign off with the same formula, but the closing agrees with the writer: reconnaissant / reconnaissante.
  • Dates are written le 3 mars 2026 (no capital on the month), and the first of the month is le 1er mars.

🔎 Error-spotting clinic

Each sentence below contains one mistake from the grammar track. Say what is wrong first, then open the answer.

1. Elle a allée au marché hier.

Show answer

Elle est allée au marché. Aller takes être and the participle agrees with the subject (French Grammar 3 4, 5).

2. Les lettres que j'ai écrit sont parties.

Show answer

Les lettres que j'ai écrites. The direct object que stands before the participle, so the participle agrees (Chapter 4 of this course).

3. Je lui vois souvent.

Show answer

Je le / la vois souvent. Voir takes a direct object, so the pronoun is le / la, not lui (Chapter 2).

4. Il me le a donné.

Show answer

Il me l'a donné. Le elides before the vowel of a (Chapter 4).

5. Je veux que tu viens demain.

Show answer

Je veux que tu viennes demain. Vouloir que takes the subjunctive (Chapter 9).

6. Si j'aurais le temps, je viendrais.

Show answer

Si j'avais le temps, je viendrais. Never a conditional after si of condition (French Grammar 3 11).

7. L'homme que je t'ai parlé est là.

Show answer

L'homme dont je t'ai parlé est là. Parler de needs dont (Chapter 5).

8. Il a demandé où habitais-je.

Show answer

Il a demandé où j'habitais. No inversion in an indirect question (Chapter 10).

9. Elle m'a dit qu'elle viendra le lendemain.

Show answer

Elle m'a dit qu'elle viendrait le lendemain. A past reporting verb shifts the future to the conditional (Chapter 10).

10. Je pense à ça depuis que je suis venu en les États-Unis.

Show answer

… venu aux États-Unis. Plural countries take aux (Chapter 11).

11. Elle chante meilleur que moi.

Show answer

Elle chante mieux que moi. Mieux is the adverb; meilleur is the adjective (Chapter 11).

12. Marie et Paul ont été vu par le directeur.

Show answer

Marie et Paul ont été vus par le directeur. The participle of a passive agrees with the subject (Chapter 7).

🎓 Course complete — the four-course grammar track

With this chapter, the French grammar track is finished. Here is what each course built:

CourseWhat it gave you
French Grammar 1 and 2The foundations of the sentence: the building blocks of French (nouns, articles, adjectives, the present tense, questions and negation) and the first step beyond them.
French Grammar 3Time: the complete tense map. Participles, passé composé, imparfait, plus-que-parfait, the futures, the conditional and si-clauses, with a decision procedure for choosing the tense.
French Grammar 4Connections: pronouns of every kind and their order, relative pronouns, participles, the gerund and the passive, the subjunctive (forms and uses), reported speech, connectors, prepositions, adverbs, comparisons, and now the written register.
The whole of it in six lines 1. Choose the tense by meaning: finished event, background, plan, hypothesis. 2. Choose the mood by attitude: fact (indicative), wish, doubt, feeling (subjunctive). 3. Replace known nouns with the right pronoun, in the right order, with the right agreement. 4. Join clauses with connectors that match their meaning and mood. 5. Pick the preposition with the verb or the place, not by translation. 6. Match the register to your reader.

Where next? Read: short stories and a newspaper in French, where you will meet the passé simple and the connectors of this chapter. Write: short formal emails using the frame above. Listen: radio and podcasts, to hear the spoken forms of everything you learned. Félicitations, et bonne continuation !