Putting It Together

French Grammar 3

Chapter 12 · Putting It Together

đŸ§© Putting It Together — Tout ensemble

In Chapter 1 you saw an empty map of the tenses. Eleven chapters later every region is filled in. This last chapter does three things: it shows the completed map on one page, it gives you a procedure for choosing the right tense for any sentence, and it runs an error clinic on the mistakes that are typical of this course. It ends with a recap and a pointer to French Grammar 4.

The rule in one box Every tense is a stem plus an ending, or an auxiliary plus a participle. Present, imparfait, future and conditional are simple; each has a compound partner made by putting the auxiliary into that tense (j'ai, j'avais, j'aurai, j'aurais + participle). Choose by asking three questions: when (past, present, future), how (event, background, habit) and how real (fact, possibility, hypothesis). Then choose the auxiliary (avoir or ĂȘtre) and check the agreement.

The completed tense map

One verb, finir, with elle, through every tense of the course. Look at the pairs: each simple tense is above its compound partner.

TimeSimple tenseCompound partnerChapter
Presentelle finit (présent)elle a fini (passé composé)French Grammar 2 · 3 to 5
Past backgroundelle finissait (imparfait)elle avait fini (plus-que-parfait)6 to 8
Futureelle finira (futur simple)
elle va finir (futur proche)
elle aura fini (futur antérieur)9
Hypothesiselle finirait (conditionnel présent)elle aurait fini (conditionnel passé)10 and 11
Just done, in progresselle vient de finir · elle est en train de finirelle venait de finir · elle était en train de finir8

The stems at a glance

TenseBuilt fromEndingsExample (aller)
présentpresent stems (French Grammar 2)-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent (regular -er)je vais · nous allons
imparfaitnous stem minus -ons (ĂȘtre: Ă©t-)-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aientj'allais
futur simpleinfinitive (irregular stems: ser-, aur-, ir-, fer-, viendr-, pourr-
)-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ontj'irai
conditionnelthe same stem as the future-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aientj'irais
compound tensesauxiliary (avoir / ĂȘtre) in the tense + participleagreement as in Chapter 5je suis allĂ©(e)

The decision procedure

When you build a sentence in the past, present or future, run through these steps in order:

StepQuestionAnswer and chapter
1When? Past, present or future?choose the family of tenses
2Past: a finished event, or background, habit and description?event → passĂ© composĂ© · background → imparfait (Chapters 3, 6 and 7)
3Past: did it happen before another past event?plus-que-parfait (Chapter 8)
4Past: just done, in progress, or still going on?venir de, ĂȘtre en train de, depuis (Chapter 8)
5Future: a plan or a promise? Completed before another future event?near future / simple future · futur antérieur · quand + future (Chapter 9)
6Is there a si? Real, unreal now or unreal past?the three patterns (Chapter 11)
7Is it a polite request, advice, a wish or unconfirmed news?conditional (Chapter 10)
8If the tense is compound: avoir or ĂȘtre? Reflexive? A movement verb with no object?Chapters 3 and 4
9Make the participle: regular or irregular? Does it agree?Chapters 2 and 5
10Is the sentence negative or a question? Place ne 
 pas around the auxiliary, and the adverb.Chapters 3, 4 and 6

A procedure at work

Take the English sentence: "If my sister had known that I was waiting, she would have come, but she did not call me."

PartQuestionChoice
"If my sister had known"a si, unreal in the pastSi ma sƓur avait su (plus-que-parfait of savoir)
"that I was waiting"background in the past, after a past verbque j'attendais (imparfait)
"she would have come"the result of the unreal pastelle serait venue (past conditional, venir with ĂȘtre, agreement with elle)
"but she did not call me"a finished event, negative, with the direct object me before the verbmais elle ne m'a pas appelé(e) (the participle agrees with m': appelée if the speaker is a woman)

The whole sentence: Si ma sƓur avait su que j'attendais, elle serait venue, mais elle ne m'a pas appelĂ©(e). Almost every chapter of the course went into building it, which shows how the pieces fit together.

🔧 Error Clinic

These are the typical mistakes of the course. Cover the right-hand column and correct each one.

ErrorCorrectRule and chapter
J'ai parler avec ma mÚre.J'ai parlé avec ma mÚre.participle in -é after avoir (Chapter 2)
J'ai prendu le train.J'ai pris le train.irregular participle (Chapter 2)
J'ai mangé déjà. · Je n'ai vu rien.J'ai déjà mangé. · Je n'ai rien vu.adverb and rien between auxiliary and participle (Chapter 3)
J'ai allĂ© Ă  Paris.Je suis allĂ© Ă  Paris.aller takes ĂȘtre (Chapter 4)
Elle est arrivĂ© hier.Elle est arrivĂ©e hier.agreement with the subject after ĂȘtre (Chapters 4 and 5)
Il a se levĂ© tard.Il s'est levĂ© tard.reflexives take ĂȘtre (Chapter 4)
Les photos que j'ai pris.Les photos que j'ai prises.preceding direct object (Chapter 5)
Elle s'est lavée les mains.Elle s'est lavé les mains.direct object follows: no agreement (Chapter 5)
Quand j'ai été petit, j'ai joué dehors.Quand j'étais petit, je jouais dehors.habit and background: imparfait (Chapters 6 and 7)
Je dormais quand le téléphone sonnait.Je dormais quand le téléphone a sonné.an event interrupts the background (Chapter 7)
J'ai habité ici depuis trois ans.J'habite ici depuis trois ans.depuis + present for something still true (Chapter 8)
Il a dit qu'il a fini.Il a dit qu'il avait fini.reported speech in the past (Chapter 8)
Quand j'arrive, je t'appellerai.Quand j'arriverai, je t'appellerai.future after quand (Chapter 9)
Je ferrai mes devoirs.Je ferai mes devoirs.irregular stem fer- (Chapter 9)
Je voudrai un café.Je voudrais un café.conditional -ais, not future -ai (Chapter 10)
Tu aurais pu venu.Tu aurais pu venir.infinitive after pu (Chapter 10)
Si j'aurais le temps, je viendrais.Si j'avais le temps, je viendrais.never a conditional after si (Chapter 11)
Si tu viendras, je serai content.Si tu viens, je serai content.never a future after si (Chapter 11)
Si il vient, nous mangerons.S'il vient, nous mangerons.elision of si before il (Chapter 11)
Watch out: nearly all of these are invisible in speech Parlé and parler, arrivé and arrivée, je voudrai and je voudrais sound the same or nearly so. French tense errors are mostly written errors, found by the eye: after you write, check (1) the auxiliary, (2) the participle, (3) the agreement and (4) the ending of the verb.

đŸ—Łïž In Use — En situation

Read these aloud, and name each tense. All the chapters of the course are at work.

① A story

A:Qu'est-ce qui s'est passé hier ? Tu avais l'air fatigué.What happened yesterday? You looked tired.
B:Je n'avais pas bien dormi, et quand je suis sorti, il pleuvait. J'ai raté le bus.I had not slept well, and when I went out, it was raining. I missed the bus.

② Plans and hypotheses

A:Que feras-tu quand tu auras fini tes études ?What will you do when you have finished your studies?
B:Si j'avais assez d'argent, je voyagerais. Sinon, je chercherai du travail, et mes parents m'aideront.If I had enough money, I would travel. If not, I will look for a job, and my parents will help me.

⑱ A regret

A:Tu habites ici depuis longtemps ?Have you lived here for a long time?
B:Depuis dix ans. Mon frÚre est parti il y a un an. Si j'étais parti avec lui, je serais à Paris maintenant.For ten years. My brother left a year ago. If I had left with him, I would be in Paris now.

📋 Quick Reference — Aide-mĂ©moire

TopicSummary
compound tenseauxiliary in the tense + participle · avoir (most verbs) / ĂȘtre (movement verbs, reflexives)
participle-Ă©, -i, -u · irregular families · agrees after ĂȘtre and with a preceding object
pastevent → passĂ© composĂ© · background → imparfait · earlier → plus-que-parfait
futurealler + infinitive · stem + -ai · quand + future · futur antérieur
conditionalfuture stem + -ais · politeness, advice, hypothesis · past conditional for regrets
siprĂ©sent → futur · imparfait → conditionnel · plus-que-parfait → conditionnel passĂ©
timedepuis + present · il y a + passĂ© composĂ© · venir de · ĂȘtre en train de

✏ Try It Yourself — Exercices

Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Give the passé composé: nous (manger), elle (partir), ils (se lever, men), vous (faire).

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nous avons mangé · elle est partie · ils se sont levés · vous avez fait.

2. Give the imparfait, the future and the conditional of finir for je.

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je finissais · je finirai · je finirais.

3. Give the plus-que-parfait, the futur antérieur and the past conditional of partir for elle.

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elle était partie · elle sera partie · elle serait partie.

4. Choose the tense: Quand j'(ĂȘtre) petit, nous (aller) Ă  la plage. Un jour, il (pleuvoir) et nous (rester) Ă  la maison.

Show answer

Quand j'étais petit, nous allions à la plage. Un jour, il a plu et nous sommes restés à la maison.

5. Complete: Les lettres que j'(écrire) · Elle s'est (laver) les mains · Elle m'a (voir), a woman speaking.

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que j'ai écrites · s'est lavé les mains · m'a vue.

6. Translate: I have lived here for three years. · She left three days ago. · I have just eaten.

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J'habite ici depuis trois ans. · Elle est partie il y a trois jours. · Je viens de manger.

7. Complete: Quand tu (arriver), nous (manger). · Si tu (venir), nous (manger).

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Quand tu arriveras, nous mangerons. · Si tu viens, nous mangerons.

8. Make polite: Je veux un café. · Tu peux m'aider ? and give advice: You should rest.

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Je voudrais un café. · Tu pourrais m'aider ? · Tu devrais te reposer.

9. Translate: If I had known, I would have come. · If I had more time, I would come more often.

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Si j'avais su, je serais venu. · Si j'avais plus de temps, je viendrais plus souvent.

10. Find the mistakes: Hier, j'ai allé au marché et je n'ai acheté rien. · Si je serais riche, je voyagerais. · Elle a dit qu'elle viendra.

Show answer

Hier, je suis allé au marché et je n'ai rien acheté · Si j'étais riche, je voyagerais · Elle a dit qu'elle viendrait (future in the past: conditional).

🏁 Course Complete — TerminĂ© !

You have finished French Grammar 3. Here is what these twelve chapters gave you.

ChaptersWhat you can now do
1Read the tense map: simple and compound tenses, participles, auxiliaries and moods.
2Form the past participle of regular and irregular verbs, and tell -Ă© from -er.
3–4Form the passĂ© composĂ© with avoir and ĂȘtre, including negation, questions, adverbs and reflexives.
5Make the participle agree: with the subject, with a preceding object, and in reflexives.
6–7Form the imparfait and choose between it and the passĂ© composĂ©.
8Use the plus-que-parfait, venir de, ĂȘtre en train de, depuis, il y a and the past infinitive.
9Use the near future, the simple future, quand + future and the future perfect.
10–11Use the conditional and the past conditional, and build the three si patterns.
12Choose a tense by a procedure and correct the typical errors.
Where next: French Grammar 4. The tenses are complete, so the last course of the grammar track turns to pronouns, clauses and written French: the object pronouns, relative pronouns, the subjunctive (and the imperative in depth), and the passé simple of formal writing. Take the procedure with you; every new structure is built on the verbs and the tenses you now know.