The Tense Map

French Grammar 3

Chapter 1 · The Tense Map

🗺️ The Tense Map — La carte des temps

French Grammar 2 gave you the present tense, negation and questions. This course adds the rest of the verb: the past, the future and the conditional. French has many tenses, but they are not many separate things to memorise. They are built from a small number of parts, and once you see the pattern each new tense is a variation on one you already know. This chapter draws the whole map; the following chapters fill it in one region at a time.

The rule in one box A French verb form is either simple (one word: je parle, je parlais, je parlerai) or compound (two words: an auxiliary, avoir or être, plus a past participle: j'ai parlé). Every simple tense has a compound partner that is made by putting the auxiliary into that simple tense: je parle → j'ai parlé, je parlais → j'avais parlé, je parlerai → j'aurai parlé. Tenses are grouped into moods, which show the speaker's attitude: fact (indicative), possibility (conditional), doubt or wish (subjunctive), command (imperative).

Simple and compound tenses

Simple tense (one word)Compound partner (auxiliary + participle)Name of the partner
je parle presentj'ai parlé (ai = present of avoir)passé composé
je parlais imperfectj'avais parlé (avais = imparfait of avoir)plus-que-parfait
je parlerai futurej'aurai parlé (aurai = future of avoir)futur antérieur
je parlerais conditionalj'aurais parlé (aurais = conditional of avoir)conditionnel passé
que je parle subjunctiveque j'aie parlé (aie = subjunctive of avoir)subjonctif passé

That table is the backbone of the course. If you can put avoir or ĂŞtre into any tense (you know the present from French Grammar 2 4) and you can make a past participle (Chapter 2), you can make every compound tense.

Watch out: "passé composé" is the compound of the present The name passé composé means "compound past", but the rule above explains why it looks the way it does: it is simply the present tense of the auxiliary plus the participle. That is why j'ai parlé can mean "I spoke", "I have spoken" and "I did speak": French has one form where English has three (compare the single present in French Grammar 2 1).

The past participle

The participle is the part that carries the meaning of the verb. The auxiliary says when and who; the participle says what. For regular verbs it comes from the infinitive:

Infinitive endingParticiple endingExample
-er-éparler → parlé · manger → mangé · aller → allé
-ir (regular)-ifinir → fini · choisir → choisi · dormir → dormi
-re (regular)-uvendre → vendu · attendre → attendu · entendre → entendu
irregularno pattern from the endingfaire → fait · prendre → pris · être → été · avoir → eu

The -er participle -é sounds exactly like the infinitive -er and like -ez, so it is easy to write the wrong one. Chapter 2 gives a test for it. Note that the participle in the tables is the masculine singular form; it can change for gender and number (elle est allée, elles sont allées), which is the subject of Chapter 5.

Avoir or ĂŞtre?

Almost every verb takes avoir as its auxiliary. A short list of verbs, and all reflexive verbs, take ĂŞtre:

AuxiliaryUsed withExample
avoirthe vast majority of verbs, including être and avoir themselvesJ'ai mangé. Elle a été malade. Nous avons eu peur.
êtreabout fifteen verbs of movement and change (aller, venir, arriver, partir, naître, mourir…) and every reflexive verbJe suis allé. Elle est arrivée. Ils se sont levés.

Chapter 3 covers avoir and Chapter 4 covers ĂŞtre, with the full lists.

The moods

A mood (un mode) is a family of tenses. It shows how the speaker presents the action: as a fact, as a possibility, as something wished or doubted, or as an order.

MoodWhat it expressesTensesExample
Indicatiffacts, things that are, were or will beprésent, passé composé, imparfait, plus-que-parfait, futur, futur antérieur (and passé simple, a written tense)Ma sœur habite à Lille.
Conditionnelthe possible, the unreal, politeness, adviceprésent, passéJe voudrais un café.
Subjonctifwish, doubt, necessity, feelingprésent, passéIl faut que tu viennes.
Impératifcommands and invitationsprésent (and a rare passé)Viens ici !

Besides the moods above there are the non-finite forms, which do not change for person: the infinitif (parler), the participe présent (parlant) and the participe passé (parlé).

Where the subjunctive is taught This course covers the indicative tenses and the conditional. The subjunctive and the imperative in depth belong to French Grammar 4, which takes pronouns, clauses and written French. The subjunctive is on the map below so that you can see where it fits, but you do not need to learn it yet.

One verb across every tense

Here is parler (to speak) through the whole map, with je and nous so that you can see both a singular and a plural form. Read the columns: the stem and the ending change, but the verb stays recognisable.

Mood and tensejenousTaught in
Indicatif présentje parlenous parlonsFrench Grammar 2
passé composéj'ai parlénous avons parléChapters 3 to 5
imparfaitje parlaisnous parlionsChapters 6 and 7
plus-que-parfaitj'avais parlénous avions parléChapter 8
futur procheje vais parlernous allons parlerChapter 9
futur simpleje parlerainous parleronsChapter 9
futur antérieurj'aurai parlénous aurons parléChapter 9
passé simple (written)je parlainous parlâmesFrench Grammar 4
Conditionnel présentje parleraisnous parlerionsChapters 10 and 11
conditionnel passéj'aurais parlénous aurions parléChapters 10 and 11
Subjonctif présentque je parleque nous parlionsFrench Grammar 4
subjonctif passéque j'aie parléque nous ayons parléFrench Grammar 4
Impératif présent(tu) parle !parlons ! (vous) parlez !French Grammar 4

Look for the patterns. The futur simple and the conditionnel présent share a stem (parler-, the whole infinitive); the future adds -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont and the conditional adds the imparfait endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. The imparfait is built from the nous form of the present with the -ons removed (parlons → parl- → parlais). Those links are why the later chapters go quickly.

One verb that is not regular: aller

The same map for aller shows what changes in an irregular verb, and what does not. The auxiliary of its compound tenses is ĂŞtre:

Tensejenous
présentje vaisnous allons
passé composéje suis allé(e)nous sommes allé(e)s
imparfaitj'allaisnous allions
plus-que-parfaitj'étais allé(e)nous étions allé(e)s
futur simplej'irainous irons
futur antérieurje serai allé(e)nous serons allé(e)s
conditionnel présentj'iraisnous irions
conditionnel passéje serais allé(e)nous serions allé(e)s
Watch out: irregularity is mostly in the stems Notice what is irregular in aller: the present, and the future and conditional stem (ir-). The imparfait (all-) and the endings are completely regular. This is typical: in most irregular verbs only a few stems have to be learnt, and the endings are the ones you already know. Compare the fixed -ons, -ez, -ent endings in French Grammar 2 1.

A first look at when to use which

You want to say…TenseExample
what is true now, or happens regularlyprésentMon père travaille à Édimbourg.
something that happened and is finishedpassé composéHier, il a travaillé tard.
what used to happen, or the background of a storyimparfaitAvant, il travaillait Ă  Paris.
something that had already happened before another past eventplus-que-parfaitIl avait déjà fini quand je suis arrivé.
what will happenfutur proche or futur simpleIl va travailler. Il travaillera demain.
what would happen, or a polite requestconditionnelIl travaillerait plus s'il pouvait.

🗣️ In Use — En situation

Read these aloud. In each exchange, find the simple and the compound forms.

â‘  Yesterday

A:Qu'est-ce que tu as fait hier ?What did you do yesterday?
B:J'ai appelé ma sœur, puis j'ai fini mon travail.I called my sister, then I finished my work.

② Then and now

A:Ton frère habite toujours à Lyon ?Does your brother still live in Lyon?
B:Non, il habitait Ă  Lyon, mais maintenant il habite Ă  Paris.No, he used to live in Lyon, but now he lives in Paris.

③ Plans

A:Vous allez venir dimanche ?Are you going to come on Sunday?
B:Oui, nous viendrons avec mes parents. Nous serions venus plus tôt, mais le train était en retard.Yes, we will come with my parents. We would have come earlier, but the train was late.

📋 Quick Reference — Aide-mémoire

TopicSummary
simple tenseone word: je parle, je parlais, je parlerai, je parlerais
compound tenseauxiliary (avoir or ĂŞtre) + past participle
the pairing ruleauxiliary in the present = passé composé · imparfait = plus-que-parfait · future = futur antérieur · conditional = conditionnel passé
participle, regular-er → -é · -ir → -i · -re → -u
auxiliaryavoir for most verbs · être for the movement verbs and all reflexives
moodsindicatif · conditionnel · subjonctif · impératif
stemsfuture and conditional share the stem · imparfait comes from nous

✏️ Try It Yourself — Exercices

Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Which of these are compound forms: je parlais, j'ai fini, nous irons, elle est partie, je vendrais?

Show answer

j'ai fini (avoir + participle) and elle est partie (ĂŞtre + participle). The others are one word.

2. Give the past participle of manger, choisir, attendre, faire.

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mangé · choisi · attendu · fait (irregular).

3. Name the compound partner of the imparfait, and form it for finir with je.

Show answer

The plus-que-parfait: j'avais fini (the imparfait of avoir + the participle).

4. Which tense is made from aurai + participle? Form it for vendre with je.

Show answer

The futur antérieur: j'aurai vendu (the future of avoir + the participle).

5. Avoir or être? (a) manger · (b) arriver · (c) se lever · (d) finir.

Show answer

(a) avoir (j'ai mangé) · (b) être (je suis arrivé) · (c) être (je me suis levé) · (d) avoir (j'ai fini).

6. Which mood is each? (a) Viens ici ! · (b) Il est à Paris. · (c) Je voudrais un thé. · (d) Il faut que tu viennes.

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(a) impératif · (b) indicatif · (c) conditionnel · (d) subjonctif.

7. The future and the conditional of parler share a stem. What is it, and which two forms result for je?

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The stem is parler- (the infinitive): je parlerai (future) and je parlerais (conditional).

8. Derive the imparfait of finir for nous, using the nous form of the present.

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nous finissons → finiss- → nous finissions.

9. What is irregular in aller, and what is not? Give the future and imparfait for je.

Show answer

The present and the future/conditional stem are irregular: j'irai. The imparfait is regular: j'allais.

10. Find the mistake: Hier, j'ai parler avec ma mère.

Show answer

Hier, j'ai parlé avec ma mère. After an auxiliary you need the participle -é, not the infinitive -er.

Coming up in Chapter 2: Past Participles. The regular endings -é, -i, -u, the irregular participles (fait, pris, mis, vu, eu, été, dit, écrit, ouvert, venu), a learnable grouping, and the test that tells -é from -er.