Putting It Together

Spanish Grammar 4

Course 4 · Chapter 12 · Putting It Together

🧩 Putting It Together — Todo junto

This is the last chapter of the four-course grammar track. It gives you the whole system on one page, a short procedure for choosing between the indicative and the subjunctive, and a clinic of the errors that learners make most often. Nothing here is new: it is the map you carry away.

The rule in one box Indicative states what is, was or will be, as fact. Subjunctive expresses what is wished, felt, doubted, unreal, or not yet true. The tense follows the main verb: present or future main verb → present (or perfect) subjunctive; past or conditional main verb → imperfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive.

The whole grammar track on one page

CourseWhat it built
Spanish Grammar 1
Nouns and the noun phrase
Sounds and spelling; gender and plurals; articles; adjectives and comparison; possessives and demonstratives; quantifiers and numbers; subject pronouns and forms of address; first prepositions.
Spanish Grammar 2
The present and the verb
The verb map; regular verbs; ser and estar; irregular verbs and the irregular yo forms; stem-changers; reflexives; gustar; negation and questions; object pronouns; por and para; verb phrases.
Spanish Grammar 3
Time and tense
Past participles and compound tenses; preterite (regular and irregular); imperfect; preterite against imperfect; present perfect; pluperfect; future; conditional; imperative.
Spanish Grammar 4
Mood, clauses and written Spanish
Present subjunctive; wishes, emotion and doubt; adverbial and noun clauses; imperfect subjunctive and si-clauses; perfect and pluperfect subjunctive; relative clauses; passive and impersonal se; reported speech; gerund and participle constructions; connectors; register and variety.

The subjunctive on one page

TenseFormationExample
presentyo stem + opposite vowelQuiero que vengas.
imperfectellos preterite stem + -raQuería que vinieras.
perfecthaya + participleEspero que hayas llegado.
pluperfecthubiera + participleOjalá hubieras venido.
TriggerExamples
wishes, requests, advicequerer, esperar, pedir, preferir, recomendar, ojalá + que + subjunctive
emotionme alegro de que, siento que, me molesta que, tengo miedo de que
impersonal judgementses importante / necesario / mejor / posible / una lástima que
doubt and denialdudo que, no creo que, no es verdad que
always subjunctivepara que, a menos que, sin que, antes de que, con tal de que, en caso de que
time, concession, manner (future or unknown)cuando, hasta que, en cuanto, después de que, aunque, como, donde + subjunctive
relative clauses (unknown or non-existent)Busco a alguien que hable… · No hay nadie que sepa…
unreal conditionssi tuviera…, compraría · si hubiera sabido…, habría venido · como si fuera…
commandsnegative tú / vosotros, usted, ustedes, nosotros

A decision procedure

StepQuestionIf yes
1Is there a second clause with its own subject, after que or a conjunction?Go to 2. If the subject is the same, try the infinitive (Quiero venir; antes de salir).
2Does the main clause express a wish, request, emotion or doubt?Subjunctive.
3Is the conjunction always subjunctive (para que, antes de que, sin que, a menos que)?Subjunctive.
4Is it a time or concession clause (cuando, aunque) about something not yet real or unknown?Subjunctive; a habit or a fact takes the indicative.
5Is it a relative clause describing something unknown or non-existent?Subjunctive.
6Is it a si clause about something unreal?Imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive + conditional; never present subjunctive after si.
7Otherwise (a statement of fact, creo que, sé que)?Indicative.
8Which tense?Match the main verb: present or future → present or perfect; past or conditional → imperfect or pluperfect.

Error-spotting clinic

WrongRightWhy
Quiero que tienes tiempo.Quiero que tengas tiempo.wish + different subject → subjunctive
Quiero tú venir.Quiero que vengas.English "want you to" needs a que clause
No creo que viene.No creo que venga.denied belief → subjunctive
Cuando llego, te llamaré.Cuando llegue, te llamaré.future time clause → subjunctive
Si tendría dinero, viajaría.Si tuviera dinero, viajaría.never the conditional after si
Si habría sabido, habría venido.Si hubiera sabido, habría venido.past unreal: pluperfect subjunctive
Busco a alguien que habla inglés.Busco a alguien que hable inglés.unknown antecedent → subjunctive
La mujer quien hablo con es mi jefa.La mujer con quien hablo es mi jefa.preposition before the relative
Se vende pisos.Se venden pisos.passive se: the verb agrees with the thing
Se me olvidé la llave.Se me olvidó la llave.the verb agrees with the thing, not the person
Dijo que estoy cansado.Dijo que estaba cansado.past reporting verb → tense shift
Antes de saliendo…Antes de salir…infinitive after a preposition
No quiero té pero café.No quiero té, sino café.sino corrects a negative
La dije la verdad.Le dije la verdad.indirect object is le
Latin America note Everything in this track is shared, with a few labels to remember: vosotros forms are Spain's (Latin America: ustedes), vos forms belong to the voseo areas, and some vocabulary and pronunciation differs (Spanish Grammar 4 11). The subjunctive, the tenses and the clause patterns are the same everywhere.

🗣️ In Use — En situación

① Planning

A:Espero que tengas tiempo el sábado. Cuando llegues, te enseñaré el piso que compré.I hope you have time on Saturday. When you arrive, I'll show you the flat I bought.
B:Ojalá pueda. Si no tuviera que trabajar, iría ahora mismo.I hope I can. If I didn't have to work, I'd come right now.

② A regret

A:Si hubiera sabido que ibas, habría venido. Me dijeron que no vendrías.If I'd known you were going, I would have come. They told me you wouldn't come.
B:No importa. Aunque sea tarde, me alegro de que hayas llamado.Never mind. Even if it's late, I'm glad you've called.

③ A formal request

A:Le escribo para pedirle información. Le agradecería que me enviara el horario.I'm writing to ask you for information. I'd be grateful if you'd send me the timetable.
B:Por supuesto. Se lo enviaré en cuanto lo tenga. Un cordial saludo.Of course. I'll send it to you as soon as I have it. Kind regards.

📋 Quick Reference — Resumen del curso

ChapterOne line
1Present subjunctive: yo stem + opposite vowel; six irregulars.
2Wishes, emotion, doubt; infinitive if the subject is the same.
3Conjunctions: always subjunctive, or by certainty; aunque.
4Imperfect subjunctive; si + imperfect subjunctive → conditional.
5Perfect and pluperfect; past unreal conditions; sequence of tenses.
6Relative pronouns; subjunctive for unknown antecedents.
7Passive with ser; passive and impersonal se; se me olvidó.
8Reported speech: tense, pronoun and time shifts.
9Gerund, al + infinitive, absolute participle, seguir + gerund.
10Connectors, paragraphs, written against spoken, letters.
11Tú / usted / vos, vosotros / ustedes, leísmo, vocabulary and sound.

✏️ Try It Yourself — Ejercicios

A mixed review of the whole course. Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Complete: "Quiero que (venir, tú) mañana." · "Espero que (haber) sitio."

Show answer

vengas · haya.

2. Indicative or subjunctive? "Creo que (ser) verdad." · "No creo que (ser) verdad."

Show answer

es · sea.

3. Complete: "Llámame antes de que (salir, tú)." · "Cuando (llegar, yo), te llamaré."

Show answer

salgas · llegue.

4. Complete: "Si (tener, yo) dinero, (viajar) más." · "Si (saber, yo) la verdad, (venir)." (past unreal)

Show answer

tuviera, viajaría · hubiera sabido, habría venido.

5. Complete: "Busco a alguien que (hablar) español." · "No hay nadie que (saber) la respuesta."

Show answer

hable · sepa.

6. Say in Spanish: "The flats are for sale." · "I forgot my keys."

Show answer

Se venden pisos. · Se me olvidaron las llaves.

7. Report: Ana dijo: "Iré mañana." · "¿Dónde vives?" (me preguntó…)

Show answer

Ana dijo que iría al día siguiente. · Me preguntó dónde vivía.

8. Say in Spanish: "On arriving home, I called my mother." · "Once the work was finished, we left."

Show answer

Al llegar a casa, llamé a mi madre. · Terminado el trabajo, nos fuimos.

9. Choose the connector: "Estudió mucho. (Por eso / Sin embargo), no aprobó." · "No quiero té, (pero / sino) café."

Show answer

Sin embargo · sino.

10. Correct the mistakes: Espero que vienes. · Si tendría tiempo, iría. · La chica quien conocí es de Perú. · Antes de saliendo, cierra la puerta. · Me dijo que estoy cansado.

Show answer

Espero que vengas · Si tuviera tiempo, iría · La chica que conocí es de Perú · Antes de salir, cierra la puerta · Me dijo que estaba cansado.

Course complete! 🎉 You have finished the four-course Spanish grammar track: the noun phrase, the present, the tenses, and now the subjunctive, clauses and written Spanish. The next step is Spanish Intermediate 1, where you put the grammar to work in longer, real-world Spanish.