The Tense Map

Spanish Grammar 3

Course 3 · Chapter 1 · Past, Future, Conditional and the Imperative

🗺️ The Tense Map — El mapa de los tiempos

Spanish Grammar 2 stayed in the present. This course adds the rest of the verb system: the past, the future, the conditional and the commands. There are many tenses, but they are built from a few simple ideas, and once you see the map each new tense is a small step. This first chapter lays out the whole map: which tenses exist, how each is built, what each is for, and where this course teaches it.

The rule in one box A simple tense is one word: hablé, hablaba, hablaré, hablaría. A compound tense is haber + past participle: he hablado, había hablado, habré hablado, habría hablado. The participle never changes in these tenses (ha hablado, han hablado); only haber changes with the person.

Simple tenses and compound tenses

Time frameSimple (one word)Compound (haber + participle)
presenthablo (present)he hablado (present perfect)
pasthablé (preterite) · hablaba (imperfect)había hablado (pluperfect)
futurehablaré (future)habré hablado (future perfect)
conditionalhablaría (conditional)habría hablado (conditional perfect)

The moods

MoodWhat it doesExampleWhere
indicativestates facts: what is, was or will beHablo. Hablé. Hablaré.this course
conditionalwhat would be: hypothesis, politeness, adviceHablaría. ¿Podría ayudarme?this course (Chapter 10)
imperativecommands and requests¡Habla! ¡Hable usted!this course (Chapter 11)
subjunctivewishes, doubt, emotion, hypothesesQuiero que hables.Spanish Grammar 4

Some grammar books count the conditional as a tense of the indicative; teaching it as its own item is a convenience. The subjunctive has its own course, but its forms appear in the negative commands of Chapter 11, as a set pattern.

The tenses at a glance

TenseForm (hablar, yo)Typical meaningChapter
presenthablonow, habit, near future (Spanish Grammar 2)revision
near futurevoy a hablargoing to speak (Spanish Grammar 2 11)revision, 5
preteritehabléa completed action in the past: "I spoke"3, 4, 6
imperfecthablabahabit, description, background: "I used to speak, I was speaking"5, 6
present perfecthe hablado"I have spoken", recent past7
pluperfecthabía hablado"I had spoken": earlier than another past event8
futurehablaré"I will speak"; probability9
future perfecthabré hablado"I will have spoken"8
conditionalhablaría"I would speak"; politeness10
conditional perfecthabría hablado"I would have spoken"8
imperativehabla, hable, habladcommands11

The past participle and the gerund

FormHow it is madeExampleWhere
gerund-ar → -ando; -er, -ir → -iendohablando, comiendo, viviendoSpanish Grammar 2 11
past participle-ar → -ado; -er, -ir → -idohablado, comido, vividoChapter 2

The participle has two jobs: it follows haber in the compound tenses (he comido), and it works as an adjective that agrees with the noun (la puerta cerrada, Spanish Grammar 2 3). Only the adjective use changes its ending.

One verb across every tense

Here is hablar in all six persons for each simple tense, so you can see how the endings relate. You will learn them one by one in the chapters ahead; for now, notice the patterns.

preteriteimperfectfutureconditional
yohabléhablabahablaréhablaría
túhablastehablabashablaráshablarías
él / ella / ustedhablóhablabahablaráhablaría
nosotroshablamoshablábamoshablaremoshablaríamos
vosotroshablasteishablabaishablaréishablaríais
ellos / ellas / ustedeshablaronhablabanhablaránhablarían
present perfectpluperfectfuture perfectconditional perfect
yohe habladohabía habladohabré habladohabría hablado
túhas habladohabías habladohabrás habladohabrías hablado
él / ella / ustedha habladohabía habladohabrá habladohabría hablado
nosotroshemos habladohabíamos habladohabremos habladohabríamos hablado
vosotroshabéis habladohabíais habladohabréis habladohabríais hablado
ellos / ellas / ustedeshan habladohabían habladohabrán habladohabrían hablado
Watch out: three patterns to notice 1. The future and the conditional are built on the whole infinitive (hablar-é, hablar-ía), and the endings are the same for all three verb groups. 2. The imperfect is nearly regular for every verb: -aba for -ar verbs and -ía for -er / -ir verbs. 3. The preterite has the most irregulars, and the first and third person singular carry a written accent (hablé, habló), which is what separates it from the present (hablo, hablamos looks the same in both for -ar verbs, so context decides).

Time words that point to a tense

Time wordsTense they suggest
ayer, anoche, el año pasado, hace dos días, en 2020preterite
siempre, todos los días, de niño, mientrasimperfect
hoy, esta mañana, este año, ya, todavía no, nuncapresent perfect (in Spain)
mañana, la semana que viene, pronto, el año próximofuture (or ir a)
si pudiera…, me gustaría…, ¿podrías…?conditional
Latin America note The choice between the present perfect and the preterite differs by region. In Spain people say Hoy he comido ya. for something earlier today; in most of Latin America Hoy ya comí. is the usual form, and the present perfect is rarer in speech. The simple future is also heard less in speech everywhere, where ir a + infinitive takes over (Voy a hablar mañana); the future remains common in writing and for probability. The forms themselves are the same, and the vosotros forms (hablasteis, habéis hablado) are used only in Spain.

🗣️ In Use — En situación

Name the tense of each verb, using the map above.

① Yesterday

A:¿Qué hiciste ayer? ¿Trabajabas?What did you do yesterday? Were you working?
B:Sí, trabajé hasta las seis. Luego salí con mis amigos.Yes, I worked until six. Then I went out with my friends.

② Today and tomorrow

A:¿Has terminado el informe? ¿Cuándo lo entregarás?Have you finished the report? When will you hand it in?
B:Ya lo he terminado. Lo entregaré mañana.I've already finished it. I'll hand it in tomorrow.

③ Polite request

A:¿Podría ayudarme, por favor? Me gustaría saber la hora.Could you help me, please? I'd like to know the time.
B:Claro. Son las tres. Dígame si necesita algo más.Of course. It's three o'clock. Tell me if you need anything else.

📋 Quick Reference — Resumen

ConceptSummary
simple tenseone word: hablé, hablaba, hablaré, hablaría
compound tensehaber + past participle: he hablado
participle-ado (-ar), -ido (-er, -ir); invariable after haber
future, conditionalwhole infinitive + endings (hablaré, hablaría)
imperfect-aba (-ar), -ía (-er, -ir)
preteritecompleted past; accents on the 1st and 3rd singular
moodsindicative, conditional, imperative (this course); subjunctive (Spanish Grammar 4)

✏️ Try It Yourself — Ejercicios

Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Simple or compound? hablé · he hablado · hablaba · había hablado · hablaré · habría hablado

Show answer

simple · compound · simple · compound · simple · compound.

2. Name the tense: comí · comía · he comido · comeré · comería

Show answer

preterite · imperfect · present perfect · future · conditional.

3. Form the past participle of: hablar, comer, vivir, trabajar, beber, partir.

Show answer

hablado · comido · vivido · trabajado · bebido · partido.

4. Which part of the compound tense changes with the person: haber or the participle?

Show answer

Haber (he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han). The participle stays the same: han hablado.

5. Complete: "hablar → hablar___ (future) → hablar___ (conditional)" for yo.

Show answer

hablaré · hablaría.

6. Which tense do the time words suggest? "ayer" · "todos los días" · "mañana" · "esta mañana" (Spain)

Show answer

preterite · imperfect · future · present perfect.

7. Say in Spanish (first person): "I spoke" · "I used to speak" · "I have spoken" · "I will speak" · "I would speak"

Show answer

hablé · hablaba · he hablado · hablaré · hablaría.

8. Which mood is each? "¡Habla!" · "Hablaría" · "Hablo" · "Quiero que hables."

Show answer

imperative · conditional · indicative · subjunctive (Spanish Grammar 4).

9. Give the six forms of the present perfect of comer.

Show answer

he comido · has comido · ha comido · hemos comido · habéis comido · han comido.

10. A friend in Madrid and one in Mexico City each say "I've already eaten today." How might they differ?

Show answer

Madrid: Hoy ya he comido. (present perfect). Mexico City: Hoy ya comí. (preterite).

Coming up in Chapter 2: Past Participles and the Compound Tenses in Outline. The regular endings (-ado, -ido); the irregular participles (hecho, dicho, visto, puesto, escrito, abierto, vuelto, roto, muerto); participles used as adjectives; and haber against tener + participle.