Putting It Together

Spanish Grammar 2

Course 2 · Chapter 12 · Putting It Together

🧩 Putting It Together — Todo junto

Chapters 1 to 11 built the present tense piece by piece: the verb map, regular endings, ser and estar, irregular verbs, stem changes, reflexives, gustar, negation and questions, object pronouns, por and para, and verb phrases. This last chapter puts the pieces together: one master table, one verb followed through every construction in the course, a checklist for building a sentence, and a clinic of the mistakes learners make most.

The rule in one box Build a verb in this order: 1 choose the verb and its type (regular, stem-changing, irregular, reflexive) → 2 choose the person → 3 add pronouns (reflexive, indirect, direct) in the order se / me / te… + lo / la → 4 add no or a question → 5 add a verb phrase if needed (infinitive after the first verb, gerund after estar). The first verb always carries the person; pronouns stay next to it.

The master table

Verbyotúél / ella / ustednosotrosvosotrosellos / ellas / ustedes
hablar (-ar)hablohablashablahablamoshabláishablan
comer (-er)comocomescomecomemoscoméiscomen
vivir (-ir)vivovivesvivevivimosvivísviven
pensar (e → ie)piensopiensaspiensapensamospensáispiensan
poder (o → ue)puedopuedespuedepodemospodéispueden
pedir (e → i)pidopidespidepedimospedíspiden
tener (irregular yo + e → ie)tengotienestienetenemostenéistienen
hacer (irregular yo)hagohaceshacehacemoshacéishacen
irvoyvasvavamosvaisvan
sersoyeresessomossoisson
estarestoyestásestáestamosestáisestán
levantarse (reflexive)me levantote levantasse levantanos levantamosos levantáisse levantan

One verb through the whole course: querer

What it showsExampleChapter
stem change e → ie, boot shapequiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis, quieren5
no subject pronoun neededQuiero un café. (contrast: Yo quiero café y ella quiere té.)1
+ infinitive (verb phrase)Quiero aprender español.11
negationNo quiero nada. · Nunca quiero levantarme.8
question¿Qué quieres? ¿Por qué quieres ir?8, 10
direct pronoun¿Quieres café? — Sí, lo quiero.9
reflexive + infinitiveMe quiero levantar. = Quiero levantarme.6, 11
two pronouns + verb phraseSe lo quiero dar. = Quiero dárselo.9, 11
purpose with paraQuiero ahorrar para viajar.10
with the personal a: "to love"Quiero a mi familia.Spanish Grammar 1 10
stative, so no gerundQuiero ir. (not Estoy queriendo)11

A decision procedure

  1. Which verb, which type? Regular (hablar), stem-changing (pensar, poder, pedir), irregular yo (tengo, hago), fully irregular (ser, estar, ir) or reflexive (levantarse)? (Chapters 1 to 6.)
  2. Ser or estar? What it is (identity, origin, material, time) → ser. Where it is and how it is now → estar. Existence → hay. (Chapters 3 and 4.)
  3. Who does what to whom? Subject → verb ending. Person direct object → personal a. Receiver → le / les; thing → lo / la / los / las. For gustar-type verbs, the person is the indirect object and the thing is the subject. (Chapters 7 and 9.)
  4. Pronouns, in order. Reflexive or se first, then indirect, then direct: se lo, me lo, te la. (Chapters 6 and 9.)
  5. Negative or question? No before the verb and pronouns; negative words after the verb need no; questions use ¿ ?, an accented question word and verb before subject. (Chapter 8.)
  6. Verb phrase? Ability, duty, near future → infinitive (puedo, tengo que, voy a). In progress or continuing → gerund (estoy, sigo, llevo). Put pronouns before the first verb or on the end of the second. (Chapter 11.)
  7. Por or para? Goal, destination, deadline, recipient → para. Cause, exchange, duration, path → por. (Chapter 10.)
Latin America note Everything in this course is shared across the Spanish-speaking world, with three regular differences: vosotros and os are used only in Spain (Latin America uses ustedes, se, les, los); the vos forms (vos sos, estás, tenés, querés, podés, hacés) in Argentina, Uruguay and parts of Central America; and leísmo and apetecer are mainly Spanish. Learn the Spain forms as the baseline and the Latin American alternatives as recognition.

Error-spotting clinic

WrongRightWhy
Soy cansado.Estoy cansado.state: estar (Chapter 3)
Hay el banco en la plaza.El banco está en la plaza.known thing: estar, not hay (Chapter 4)
Nosotros puedemos.Nosotros podemos.no stem change in nosotros (Chapter 5)
Yo levanto a las siete.Me levanto a las siete.reflexive pronoun (Chapter 6)
Me lavo mis manos.Me lavo las manos.body part takes the article (Chapter 6)
Yo gusto el café.Me gusta el café.the thing is the subject (Chapter 7)
Nadie no viene.Nadie viene.no no before the verb (Chapter 8)
¿Dónde Ana vive?¿Dónde vive Ana?verb before subject (Chapter 8)
Le lo doy.Se lo doy.le → se before lo (Chapter 9)
Estudio por aprender.Estudio para aprender.purpose: para (Chapter 10)
Tengo trabajar.Tengo que trabajar.tener que (Chapter 11)
Estoy sabiendo la respuesta.Sé la respuesta.no gerund with states (Chapter 11)

🗣️ In Use — En situación

One last read-through: name the chapter behind each form.

① Settling in

A:¿Cómo te llamas? ¿De dónde eres? ¿Cuánto tiempo llevas aquí?What's your name? Where are you from? How long have you been here?
B:Me llamo Philip y soy de Edimburgo. Llevo una semana, pero ya tengo que volver. Me encanta esta ciudad.My name is Philip and I'm from Edinburgh. I've been here a week, but I already have to go back. I love this city.

② A favour

A:¿Puedes ayudarme? No encuentro mis llaves y no sé dónde están.Can you help me? I can't find my keys and I don't know where they are.
B:Las tienes en la mano. Y el coche está enfrente de la casa; te lo busco yo.You have them in your hand. And the car is opposite the house; I'll find it for you.

③ Plans

A:¿Qué estás haciendo? ¿Quieres venir al cine esta noche?What are you doing? Do you want to come to the cinema tonight?
B:No puedo; estoy escribiendo un informe para el lunes. Pero se lo voy a mandar a mi jefa hoy y mañana salgo contigo.I can't; I'm writing a report for Monday. But I'm going to send it to my boss today and tomorrow I'll go out with you.

📋 Quick Reference — Resumen del curso

ChapterTopicKey point
1The verb mapstem + ending; drop the pronoun
2Regular verbs-o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an and the -er / -ir sets
3Ser and estarwhat it is against where and how it is
4Irregular verbstengo, voy, hago…; hay against estar
5Stem-changing verbsboot shape: ie, ue, i
6Reflexive verbsme, te, se, nos, os, se
7Gustarthe thing is the subject: me gusta, me gustan
8Negation and questionsdouble negative; accented question words
9Object pronounslo, la, le; se lo
10Por and paracause against goal
11Verb phrasesinfinitive and gerund

✏️ Try It Yourself — Ejercicios

Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Give the six present forms of pensar and of ir.

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pienso · piensas · piensa · pensamos · pensáis · piensan. voy · vas · va · vamos · vais · van.

2. Ser or estar: "Ana ___ de Escocia." · "Ana ___ en Madrid." · "La puerta ___ cerrada." · "La reunión ___ a las tres."

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es · está · está · es.

3. Say in Spanish: "I have a sister and I'm very hungry."

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Tengo una hermana y tengo mucha hambre.

4. Say in Spanish: "My feet hurt." and "I like these books."

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Me duelen los pies. · Me gustan estos libros.

5. Say in Spanish: "I don't see anybody and I don't want anything."

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No veo a nadie y no quiero nada.

6. Say in Spanish: "Where does Ana live?" and "Why are you studying Spanish?" (tú)

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¿Dónde vive Ana? · ¿Por qué estudias español?

7. Replace the nouns: "Doy el libro a Ana." and "Quiero ver la película."

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Se lo doy. · La quiero ver. / Quiero verla.

8. Say in Spanish: "I get up at seven and I have a shower."

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Me levanto a las siete y me ducho.

9. Say in Spanish: "I've been studying Spanish for a year, in order to travel." (llevar, para)

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Llevo un año estudiando español para viajar.

10. Correct all the mistakes: Yo soy cansado y tengo trabajar. · Le lo doy por ti. · Me gusto los libros.

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Estoy cansado y tengo que trabajar · Se lo doy a ti (or Te lo doy; por ti would mean "for your sake") · Me gustan los libros.

Course complete! 🎉 You now have the whole present tense: every verb type, ser and estar, gustar, negation and questions, object pronouns, por and para and verb phrases. The next step is Spanish Grammar 3, which adds the rest of the tenses: the past participle, the preterite and imperfect, the present perfect, the future, the conditional and the imperative.