Nouns and Gender

Spanish Grammar 1

Chapter 2 · Nouns and Gender

🏷️ Nouns and Gender — Los sustantivos y el género

Every Spanish noun is masculine or feminine, including things: a table is feminine (la mesa), a book is masculine (el libro). Gender is not about meaning; it is a property of the word, and it decides the article, the adjective and the pronoun that go with it. The good news is that the ending of a noun predicts its gender correctly most of the time. This chapter gives you the endings, the exceptions you must learn, and the way professions and family words change with the person.

The rule in one box People and animals follow their sex (el hombre / la mujer). Things follow their ending: -o is usually masculine, -a is usually feminine, and a handful of other endings are very reliable (-ción, -dad feminine; -aje, -or, -ma masculine). For every other word, learn the article with the noun: la noche, el coche.

-o and -a: the main pattern

EndingUsuallyExamples
-omasculineel libro (book), el vaso (glass), el trabajo (job, work), el niño (boy)
-afemininela casa (house), la mesa (table), la puerta (door), la niña (girl)
Watch out: the exceptions you must learn A few very common words go against the pattern:
  • -o but feminine: la mano (hand), la foto (photo), la moto (motorbike). The last two are shortened forms of la fotografía and la motocicleta, which is why they stay feminine.
  • -a but masculine: el día (day), el mapa (map), el planeta (planet), el pijama (pyjamas), el sofá (sofa).

Endings that predict gender

These endings are reliable enough that you can usually guess the gender of a new word from them.

GenderEndingExamples
feminine-ción, -sión, -xiónla canción (song), la estación (station), la televisión, la conexión
feminine-dad, -tad, -tudla ciudad (city), la verdad (truth), la libertad, la actitud
feminine-umbrela costumbre (custom, habit)
feminine-ez, -ezala rapidez (speed), la belleza (beauty), la tristeza (sadness)
feminine-urala altura (height), la cultura, la temperatura
feminine-ía (stressed)la economía, la geografía, la energía
feminine-nciala ciencia (science), la importancia, la paciencia
masculine-ajeel viaje (journey), el paisaje (landscape), el garaje, el mensaje
masculine-orel color, el dolor (pain), el amor (love), el calor (heat)
masculine-ma (words of Greek origin)el problema, el sistema, el tema (topic), el programa, el idioma (language)
masculine-mientoel momento, el pensamiento (thought), el movimiento
masculine-ismoel turismo, el realismo
Watch out: exceptions to the endings
  • la flor (flower) and la labor (labour) are feminine, against the -or rule.
  • Most words in -ión that are not -ción / -sión are feminine (la región, la unión, la opinión), but el avión (plane) and el camión (lorry) are masculine.
  • The -ma rule has an easy test: if it came from Greek and describes an idea, it is masculine (problema, sistema, programa). Ordinary feminine words in -ma exist too: la cama (bed), la forma (shape).
  • el día ends in -ía but is masculine, against the -ía rule above. So are el mediodía (noon) and el guía (a male guide).

Words ending in -e or in a consonant

With -e there is no reliable pattern: some nouns are masculine (el coche car, el nombre name, el padre father) and some feminine (la noche night, la leche milk, la calle street, la gente people, la clase). Learn each with its article.

With a consonant the most useful guide is the last letter:

EndingUsuallyExamplesExceptions
-l, -n, -r, -smasculineel papel, el pan, el mes, el país, el autobúsla sal, la miel, la piel, la flor, la mujer
-zoften femininela luz, la voz, la paz, la vez (time, occasion), la cruzel lápiz, el arroz, el pez (fish)
-d (not -dad, -tad, -tud)mixedla pared (wall), la red (net, network), el ataúdlearn each word

Categories that are always masculine or feminine

CategoryGenderExamples
days of the weekmasculineel lunes, el martes, el domingo
monthsmasculineenero, febrero, marzo (used without an article: en enero)
seasonsmostly masculineel verano, el otoño, el invierno, but la primavera
languagesmasculineel español, el inglés, el alemán, el francés
coloursmasculineel rojo, el verde, el azul
rivers, seas, mountainsmasculineel Ebro, el Támesis, el mar, el Everest
letters of the alphabetfemininela a, la b, la hache

Nouns for people: the sex decides

For people and animals, the gender follows the sex. There are three ways to make the feminine.

PatternMasculineFeminine
-o → -ael niño, el hijo, el amigo, el gatola niña, la hija, la amiga, la gata
consonant + -ael profesor, el doctor, el escritorla profesora, la doctora, la escritora
-e → -a or + -esael jefe, el alcalde, el condela jefa, la alcaldesa, la condesa
-or → -trizel actor, el emperadorla actriz, la emperatriz
different wordel padre, el hombre, el rey, el toro, el caballola madre, la mujer, la reina, la vaca, la yegua

One form for both: el / la estudiante

Many nouns for people have one form, and only the article shows whether the person is a man or a woman. This is typical of nouns in -ista, -ante / -ente and several others.

MasculineFeminineEnglish
el estudiantela estudiantestudent
el artistala artistaartist
el turistala turistatourist
el periodistala periodistajournalist
el dentistala dentistadentist
el cantantela cantantesinger
el gerentela gerentemanager
el jovenla jovenyoung man / young woman
el colegala colegacolleague
Watch out: fixed gender, whoever the person is A few nouns keep one gender even when they describe a man or a woman: la persona (person), la víctima (victim), el personaje (character), el ángel (angel). You say la persona for a man as well as for a woman. For most animals the same is true: la jirafa is always feminine, and you add macho or hembra to say which sex you mean.

Professions

Professions combine all the patterns above. In Spain and across Latin America it is now normal to use a feminine form for a woman: la médica, la ingeniera, la abogada, la jueza.

PatternMasculineFeminineEnglish
-o → -ael médicola médicadoctor
el abogadola abogadalawyer
el camarerola camarerawaiter / waitress
el técnicola técnicatechnician
el cocinerola cocineracook
consonant + -ael profesorla profesorateacher
el programadorla programadoraprogrammer
el directorla directoradirector, head
same formel dentistala dentistadentist
el periodistala periodistajournalist
el gerentela gerentemanager
otherel jefela jefaboss
el actorla actrizactor / actress
Latin America note Gender can change between countries for a few common words, usually because the word itself is different: Spain says el ordenador (masculine) for "computer", while Latin America says la computadora (feminine). The feminine professions in -a (la médica, la presidenta, la ingeniera) are used everywhere, and la clienta is common alongside la cliente. When in doubt, ask or listen to how people around you say it.

Same word, two genders, two meanings

For a small group of words the gender changes the meaning. They are worth learning in pairs.

MasculineFeminine
el capital money investedla capital capital city
el cura priestla cura cure
el orden order, tidinessla orden order, command
el policía policemanla policía the police force; policewoman
el frente front (of a building, war)la frente forehead
el cometa cometla cometa kite
el guía male guidela guía female guide; guidebook
el mañana the futurela mañana morning
Coming up: a few feminine nouns that use "el" el agua (water), el águila (eagle) and a few more feminine nouns take el in the singular for a sound reason, not because they are masculine. Spanish Grammar 1 4 explains the rule.

🗣️ In Use — En situación

Read the exchanges aloud and notice the gender of each noun.

① Jobs

A:¿A qué te dedicas?What do you do for a living?
B:Soy programador. Mi hermana es médica y mi madre es profesora.I'm a programmer. My sister is a doctor and my mother is a teacher.
A:¿Y tu padre?And your father?
B:Mi padre es camarero.My father is a waiter.

② Artists and dentists

A:¿Pablo es artista?Is Pablo an artist?
B:No, Pablo es dentista. La mujer de Pablo es artista.No, Pablo is a dentist. Pablo's wife is an artist.

③ Capital and capital

A:¿Cuál es la capital de España?What is the capital of Spain?
B:Madrid.Madrid.
A:¿Y qué es el capital de una empresa?And what is a company's capital?
B:Es el dinero de la empresa.It is the company's money.

📋 Quick Reference — Resumen

TopicSummary
people, animalsgender follows sex: el hombre / la mujer
-o / -ausually masculine / feminine; exceptions la mano, la foto, el día, el mapa
feminine endings-ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre, -ez, -eza, -ura, -ía, -ncia
masculine endings-aje, -or, -ma (Greek), -miento, -ismo
-eno pattern; learn with the article
consonants-l, -n, -r, -s usually masculine; -z often feminine
always masculinedays, months, languages, colours, rivers and seas
always feminineletters of the alphabet
professions-o → -a; add -a to a consonant; -ista, -ante unchanged; el actor → la actriz
meaning changesel capital / la capital, el cura / la cura, el orden / la orden

✏️ Try It Yourself — Ejercicios

Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Masculine (el) or feminine (la)? libro, casa, ciudad, viaje, canción.

Show answer

el libro · la casa · la ciudad (-dad) · el viaje (-aje) · la canción (-ción).

2. Masculine or feminine? problema, sistema, mano, día, mapa.

Show answer

el problema · el sistema · la mano (exception, -o but feminine) · el día · el mapa (exceptions, -a but masculine).

3. Add the right word, el or la: ___ luz, ___ lápiz, ___ flor, ___ color, ___ información.

Show answer

la luz · el lápiz · la flor · el color · la información.

4. Give the feminine: el profesor, el médico, el actor, el jefe, el director.

Show answer

la profesora · la médica · la actriz · la jefa · la directora.

5. Which of these has the same form for a man and a woman? estudiante, camarero, dentista, abogado, periodista.

Show answer

estudiante, dentista, periodista: el / la estudiante and so on. camarero and abogado change (camarera, abogada).

6. Say in Spanish: "My sister is a dentist and my father is a teacher."

Show answer

Mi hermana es dentista y mi padre es profesor.

7. What is the difference between el capital and la capital? And between el cura and la cura?

Show answer

el capital is money invested; la capital is the capital city. el cura is a priest; la cura is a cure.

8. Correct the mistakes: la problema · el mano · la ciudad es grande · el canción. (Only fix the article.)

Show answer

el problema (-ma from Greek) · la mano (exception) · la ciudad is correct · la canción (-ción is feminine).

9. Why are la foto and la moto feminine although they end in -o?

Show answer

They are shortened forms of feminine words: la fotografía and la motocicleta.

10. Which word do Spain and Latin America use differently for "computer", and what gender is each?

Show answer

Spain: el ordenador (masculine). Latin America: la computadora (feminine).

Coming up in Chapter 3: Plurals. The endings -s and -es; spelling changes (lápiz → lápices); stress shifts (joven → jóvenes); words that do not change; nouns used mostly in the plural; and the plural of mixed groups (los padres).