Exercise 1 solution

    text = "Café"
    raw = text.encode("utf-8")

    print(raw)                      # b'Caf\xc3\xa9'
    print(raw.hex(" "))             # 43 61 66 c3 a9
    print(len(text), len(raw))      # 4 5
    print(raw.decode("utf-8") == text)  # True

(All four lines were run and printed exactly the values shown.)

Explanation: the string has 4 characters but the UTF-8 bytes number 5,
because the accented letter needs two bytes (c3 a9). Text is a sequence of
characters; bytes are what actually gets stored. The two lengths differ
whenever a character falls outside plain ASCII. Passing a separator to
hex() (here a space) makes the output easier to read.