Exercise 1 solution

Protected at all: 60,000 / 500,000 = 0.12 = 12 per cent.
Fully protected (no-take): 20,000 / 500,000 = 0.04 = 4 per cent.

Against a 30 per cent target: the total protected area is 18 percentage points short (it would need 150,000 km2), and the fully protected area is far shorter still. To reach 30 per cent it would need a further 90,000 km2 of protection (150,000 - 60,000), and the strictly protected share would need a significant increase if the aim is effective protection.