Exercise 2 solution

round_, wrinkled = 5474, 1850
total = round_ + wrinkled
print("total", total)
print("ratio", round(round_ / wrinkled, 3))
exp_round, exp_wr = total * 3 / 4, total / 4
print("expected", exp_round, exp_wr)
print("difference", round_ - exp_round, wrinkled - exp_wr)

Output:

total 7324
ratio 2.959
expected 5493.0 1831.0
difference -19.0 19.0

Reading it: the observed ratio is 2.959 to 1, very close to 3 to 1. Under an exact 3 : 1 split the counts would be 5493 and 1831, so the real counts are 19 away in each direction (round seeds 19 fewer than expected, wrinkled 19 more). A small miss like this is what chance alone produces; it does not suggest the 3 : 1 rule is wrong.