Writing Systems of the World 5, Exercise 2: with and without vowel marks Code (run with py -X utf8), using the Arabic word for "book", كتاب, and a voweled form كِتَاب: bare = "كتاب" voweled = "كِتَاب" print(len(bare), len(voweled)) Output from the run: 4 6 The bare word has 4 code points; adding two short-vowel marks (a kasra under the kaf and a fatha over the teh) gives 6. The vowel marks are separate code points added after the consonants they belong to, which fits the Abjad article's point that vowel marks are optional and not the dominant form. (Your own word will give different counts; the pattern is that each short vowel mark adds one code point.)