Historical Linguistics and Language Families 7, Exercise 1: types of semantic change skyline narrowing (any horizon, then one lined with skyscrapers) jaw metonymy (change by nearness: "cheek" to "mandible") awful pejoration ("awe-inspiring" to "very bad") kill hyperbole / strengthening ("torment" to "slaughter") astound meiosis / weakening ("strike with thunder" to "surprise strongly") terrific amelioration ("terrifying", "astonishing", "very good") All are from Wikipedia, Semantic change (Bloomfield's 1933 scheme).