Onomatopoeia
Japanese Grammar 4
Course 4 ยท Chapter 8 ยท Onomatopoeia
๐ฅ Onomatopoeia and Mimetics โ ใใใใใปใใใใ
Japanese has thousands of words that imitate sounds, and, unlike English, thousands that also imitate states, textures and feelings: a fluffy cushion is ใตใใตใ, a pounding heart is ใฉใใฉใ, fluent speech is ใบใใบใ. They are everywhere in manga, in everyday speech and in descriptions of food and weather. Learning the commonest forty and the few grammar patterns they follow unlocks a great deal of real Japanese.
1. The three grammar patterns
| Pattern | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใจ + verb (ใจ is often dropped in speech) | adverb | ใใใ ใใใใใจ ใตใฃใฆ ใใใ |
| ใใ / ใใ | "to feel / be in that state" | ใใใใฎ ใพใใฏ ใฉใใฉใใใใ |
| ใฎ / ใช + noun | adjective | ใตใใตใใฎ ใใณใ ใใใใใช ใใฟใ |
| ใ / ใงใ (after a topic) | predicate | ใใชใใ ใบใใบใใ ใ |
2. The commonest forty, in six groups
Weather and nature
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใใ | heavy rain, rushing water | ใใใ ใใใใ ใตใใ |
| ใใจใใจ | soft, steady rain | ใใใ ใใจใใจ ใตใใ |
| ใใใใ | thunder rumbling; rolling or lazing about | ใใฟใชใใ ใใใใ ใชใใ |
| ใใใใ | damp, humid | ใคใใฏ ใใใใใใใ |
| ใฝใใฝใ | pleasantly warm | ใใใใฏ ใฝใใฝใ ใใฆ ใใใ |
| ใใใใ | very dry | ใฎใฉใ ใใใใใ ใ |
Touch and look
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใตใใตใ | fluffy, light | ใตใใตใใฎ ใฑใผใญใ |
| ใตใใตใ | soft and thick (a cushion, a futon) | ใตใใตใใฎ ใตใจใใ |
| ใคใใคใ | smooth, slippery | ใใใ ใคใใคใใ ใ |
| ใใใใ | rough, gritty | ใฆใ ใใใใใใใ |
| ในใในใ | sticky | ใฆใ ในใในใใ ใ |
| ใใใใ | silky, dry and flowing | ใใใใใฎ ใใฟใ |
| ใดใใดใ | shiny, spotless | ใดใใดใใฎ ใใคใ |
| ใใใใ | sparkling | ใปใใ ใใใใ ใฒใใใ |
Feelings and body
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใฉใใฉใ | heart pounding | ใใญใ ใฉใใฉใใใใ |
| ใใใใ | excited, looking forward | ใใใใใฎ ใพใใฏ ใใใใใใใ |
| ใใใใ | irritated | ใพใฃใฆ ใใฆ ใใใใใใใ |
| ใใใใ | restless, fidgety | ใใใใ ใใฆ ใใใ |
| ใบใใบใ | very hungry | ใใชใใ ใบใใบใใ ใ |
| ใใใใ | worn out | ใฏใใใใฆ ใใใใใซ ใชใฃใใ |
| ใตใใตใ | dizzy, unsteady | ใญใคใง ใตใใตใใใใ |
| ใซใใซใ | smiling happily | ใซใใซใ ใใใใ |
Movement and manner
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใถใใถใ | strolling, loafing, dangling | ใพใกใ ใถใใถใ ใใใใ |
| ใใใใ | wandering about aimlessly | ใใใง ใใใใใใฆ ใใใ |
| ใฎใใฎใ | slowly, sluggishly | ใใใพใ ใฎใใฎใ ใใใใ |
| ใใใใ | spinning round | ใใใใ ใพใใใ |
| ใใใใ | rolling (small round thing) | ใใผใซใ ใใใใ ใใใใใ |
| ใใใใ | wobbling, shaking | ใใใ ใใใใใใใ |
Speech and sound
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใบใใบใ | fluent (speaking a language) | ใใใใ ใบใใบใใ ใ |
| ใถใคใถใค | grumbling, muttering | ใถใคใถใค ใใใใ ใใใ |
| ใใใใ | noisy crowd | ใใใใใคใ ใใใใใใฆ ใใใ |
| ใใใใ | giggling | ใใใใ ใใใใ |
| ใใใใ | guffawing | ใใใใ ใใใใ |
| ใใใใ | gulping a drink | ใฟใใ ใใใใ ใฎใใ |
Animals and the ใฃ / ใ / ใ families
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใฏใณใฏใณ / ใใฃใผ | dog / cat | ใใฌใ ใฏใณใฏใณ ใชใใฆ ใใใ |
| ใณใฃใใ | startled | ใใฅใผในใซ ใณใฃใใใใใ |
| ใใฃใใ | disappointed | ใใฃใใซ ใใฃใใใใใ |
| ใใฃใใ | sound asleep | ใใฃใใ ใญใใ |
| ใฎใใณใ | relaxed, at leisure | ใฎใใณใ ใใใใ |
| ใดใฃใใ | exactly right, a perfect fit | ใตใคใบใ ใดใฃใใใ ใ |
3. Reading manga and descriptions
In manga, sound effects are written in katakana and drawn into the picture: ใใณ (a thud or heartbeat), ใฌใใฃ (a door or a lock), ใทใผใณ (silence, the "sound" of nothing happening), ใใญใใญ (a pounding heart, often in a speech bubble). In ordinary text the same words are usually written in hiragana, or in katakana for emphasis. When you meet one you do not know, ask: is it a sound or a feeling, doubled or not, and is it next to ใใ, ใจ or ใฎ?
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Everyday talk is full of them.
โ Before an interview
โก Describing a hotel
โข After a long day
๐ Quick Reference
| Pattern | Example |
|---|---|
| Adverb with ใจ | ใใใใใจ ใตใ |
| Verb with ใใ | ใฉใใฉใใใ; ใใใใใใ |
| Adjective with ใฎ / ใช | ใตใใตใใฎ ใใณ; ใดใใดใใฎ ใใค |
| Predicate with ใ | ใใชใใ ใบใใบใใ ; ใใใใ ใบใใบใใ |
| One-moment ใฃ / ใ words | ใณใฃใใ; ใใฃใใ; ใใฃใใ; ใดใฃใใ |
| Manga | katakana, drawn into the picture: ใใณ, ใฌใใฃ, ใทใผใณ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Which describes a state, ใตใใตใ or ใฏใณใฏใณ?
Show answer
ใตใใตใ (a state, ๆฌๆ ่ช). ใฏใณใฏใณ imitates a real sound (ๆฌ้ณ่ช).
2. Say "I'm starving" with a mimetic.
Show answer
ใใชใใ ใบใใบใใงใใ
3. Say "My heart is pounding".
Show answer
ใใญใ ใฉใใฉใใใฆ ใใใ
4. Which means soft, steady rain: ใใใใ or ใใจใใจ?
Show answer
ใใจใใจ. ใใใใ is heavy rain.
5. Say "He is fluent in English".
Show answer
ใใใฏ ใใใใ ใบใใบใใ ใ
6. Join with ใฎ: "fluffy bread".
Show answer
ใตใใตใใฎ ใใณ
7. Say "I slept soundly" with a mimetic.
Show answer
ใใฃใใ ใญใใ
8. Which fits "I was startled by the news": ใณใฃใใใใ or ใณใฃใใใใฆ ใใ?
Show answer
ใณใฃใใใใ. It is a single moment, so the simple past is natural.
9. How is the "silence" sound often drawn in manga written?
Show answer
ใทใผใณ, written in katakana.
10. Choose: ใใใใ or ใใใใ goes with ใฟใใ๏ผใ๏ผใฎใ.
Show answer
ใใใใ (gulping). ใใใใ is giggling.