Honorific Language

Japanese Grammar 4

Course 4 · Chapter 2 · Honorific Language: 尊敬語

🙇 Honorific Language — そんけいご

The honorific register raises the other person: their actions, their state and what belongs to them. It is used about a customer, a teacher, a boss, an older person you do not know well. You never use it about yourself or your own group when speaking to outsiders. There are four tools: a regular pattern (お〜になる), a passive-shaped pattern (〜れる / 〜られる), a list of special verbs, and the prefixes お / ご.

The rule in one box 1) Special verb if there is one (いらっしゃる, おっしゃる, めしあがる, ごらんになる, なさる, くださる). 2) Otherwise お+ます-stem+になる (およみになる). 3) Fallback: 〜れる / 〜られる (the passive form). Always end with a polite ending (ます). Raise the other person's things with お / ご and their name with さん / 様.

1. お〜になる

お + ます-stem + になる (for Group 1 and 2 verbs); ご + Sino-Japanese noun + になる for する-verbs.

Plain verbHonorificExample
The teacher read the book.
Watch out: which verbs can't take お〜になる One-syllable stems do not work: みる, いる, きる, ねる, でる (×おみに なる). Use the special verb (ごらんに なる, いらっしゃる, おめしに なる, おやすみに なる) or 〜れる / 〜られる. Also avoid it for verbs with their own special form, and for events outside a person's control (しぬ becomes なくなる).

Requests and states with お〜

PatternMeaningExample
お〜くださいplease do (polite request) Please take a seat.
Please help yourself.
お〜ですhonorific state / present The teacher has already gone home.
A customer is waiting for you.
お〜ですかhonorific question Are you going out?

2. 〜れる / 〜られる: the passive-form honorific

When no special verb exists, the plain-passive shape can be used. It is less strongly honorific than お〜になる and is common in speech and in written notes; it can be confused with the real passive (Japanese Grammar 3, Chapter 10) and the potential.

VerbHonorificExample

3. The special honorific verbs

PlainHonorificPolite formExample
いく / くる / いるいらっしゃるいらっしゃいます
いうおっしゃるおっしゃいます
たべる / のむめしあがるめしあがります
みるごらんに なるごらんに なります
するなさるなさいます
くれるくださるくださいます
しっているごぞんじだごぞんじです
きる (wear)おめしに なるおめしに なります
ねるおやすみに なるおやすみに なります
Watch out: the irregular ます-forms Four of these verbs have an irregular polite stem: いらっしゃいます, おっしゃいます, なさいます, くださいます (also ござる → ございます, Chapter 3). Not いらっしゃります. The same applies to the imperative: くださる → ください, なさる → なさい. And いらっしゃる covers three meanings: go, come, be. 〜ている becomes 〜ていらっしゃる: なにを かいて いらっしゃいますか ("What are you writing?").

4. お and ご: the prefixes

RuleExamples
お〜with Japanese-origin words (和語)
ご〜with Sino-Japanese words (漢語)
Exceptions with お〜common Sino-Japanese words
No prefixmost loanwords (but are fixed)

The prefix is used both for the other person's things (おなまえ, ごかぞく) and, more mildly, for refinement (おちゃ, ごはん, おかね). Never put it on your own name, family or possessions: ×わたしの おなまえ.

5. Names and titles: さん, 様, 先生

FormUseExample
〜さんstandard respectful suffix; neutral
〜様 (さま)more formal: customers, letters, addresses
〜先生teachers, doctors, lawyers, writers
Title alone / title after namebosses and positions: no さん
Watch out: no さん with titles, no さん for yourself A title already gives respect: たなかぶちょう, not ×たなかぶちょうさん. And さん is never used of oneself or of one's own group to outsiders: たなかさん → たなか in that situation (Chapter 1). Adding the honorific お〜になる to a verb that already has a special form is the common double honorific error (×おっしゃられる, ×めしあがられる).

🗣️ In Use — つかいかた

Raising the other person.

① Receiving a customer

A: Welcome. This way, please. Please take a seat.
B: Thank you.

② Asking about a teacher

A: Has Professor Yamada already gone home?
B: Yes, a little while ago.

③ At a meal

A: What would you like to eat?
B: I'll have your recommendation.

📋 Quick Reference

PatternExample
お + stem + になるおよみになる
ご + noun + になるごりようになる
お〜くださいおかけください
お〜ですおかえりです
〜れる / 〜られるよまれる; こられる
Special verbsいらっしゃる; おっしゃる; めしあがる; ごらんになる; なさる; くださる; ごぞんじ
Irregular ますいらっしゃいます; おっしゃいます; なさいます; くださいます
Prefixesお + 和語; ご + 漢語

✍️ Practice — れんしゅう

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Honorific of , and with お〜になる.

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2. Honorific of and .

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3. Special honorific for .

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4. Say to a customer "Please wait a moment."

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5. Say "What did the teacher say?" (honorific)

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6. Say "Are you going out?" (お〜です)

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7. Give the polite ます-form of and .

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8. お or ご:

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(an exception),

9. Why is wrong?

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A double honorific: めしあがる is already honorific, and 〜られる adds a second.

10. Why is not used for "see"?

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みる has a one-syllable stem (み), so お〜になる doesn't work. Use ごらんに なる.

Coming up in Chapter 3: Humble Language (謙譲語). お〜する, the special verbs (まいる, もうす, いただく, はいけんする), うかがう, 〜させていただく and the choice between humble and honorific.