Connectors
Japanese Grammar 4
Course 4 ยท Chapter 10 ยท Connectors
๐ Connectors and Compound Sentences โ ใใคใใใ
What separates a string of correct sentences from a piece of writing is how the sentences are joined. Connectors (ๆฅ็ถ่ฉ(ใใคใใใ)) tell the reader whether the next sentence adds, contrasts, concludes, explains or changes the subject. This chapter collects the connectors you need at this level, separates the casual from the formal, and ends with how a paragraph is built.
1. Contrast
| Connector | Feel | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใงใ | casual speech | ใใใใงใใใงใใใใพใ ใใใใใชใใ |
| ใใใ | standard, written and polite | ใใใใฏ ใใใใใใฃใใใใใใใใใใใใใ |
| ใ ใ / ใใใฉใ | written, a little firm | ใ ใใใใฎ ใใใใใซใฏ ใฒใฏใใ ใใใ |
| ใจใใใ | the result was unexpected | ใฆใใใใปใใฏ ใใใ ใฃใใใจใใใใใใกใซใกใใ ใ ใฏใใฆ ใใใ |
| ไธๆน(ใใฃใฝใ) | on the other hand (two sides of a situation) | ใจใใใงใฏ ใใใใใ ใตใใฆ ใใใใใฃใฝใใใกใปใใงใฏ ใธใฃใฆ ใใใ |
2. Result and reason
| Connector | Feel | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใ ใใ | so; casual, also used in firm argument | ใใใ ใตใฃใใใ ใใใใใใชใใฃใใ |
| ใใใง | and so (follows a story) | ใญใคใ ใงใใใใใงใใใใใใ ใใใใ ใ |
| ใใฎใใ | because of that (written) | ใใใ ใใฃใใใใฎใใใใงใใใใ ใใใใใ |
| ใใใใฃใฆ | therefore (a logical conclusion; formal) | ใใใใใ ใตใใใใใใใฃใฆใใใใใ ใตใใใ |
| ใชใใชใ | the reason is... (ends in ใใใ / ใใใงใใ) | ใใใฏ ใใชใใใชใใชใใใณใใใใ ใใใ ใ |
3. Addition
| Connector | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใซ | besides, moreover (casual to neutral) | ใใใใใใใซใใใใใใใ |
| ใใใ | and what is more (a surprising extra) | ใใใใใใใใใใใใใ |
| ใใใซ / ใใฎใใ | furthermore (written) | ใใใซใใฒใใใ ใตใใใ |
| ใพใ | also, again (formal list) | ใพใใใใ ใใใใฎ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ |
4. Restating, limiting, giving examples
| Connector | Job | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใคใพใ | in other words | ใคใพใใใใใฉใใถใใใ ใใใใใ ใ |
| ใใชใใก | namely (formal ใคใพใ) | ใซใปใใฎ ใใ ใจใใใชใใก ใจใใใใใ |
| ใใ ใ | a proviso or exception | ใซใ ใใใใใฏ ใใใใใงใใใใ ใใใใใใ ใฒใคใใใงใใ |
| ใใจใใฐ | for example | ใใจใใฐใใในใ ใงใใใใ ใใใพใใ |
| ใใฃใจใ | though, mind you (a mild qualification) | ใใฃใจใใใใใใใ ใใใ |
5. Order, choice and changing the subject
| Connector | Job | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใพใ / ใคใใซ / ใใใใซ | first / next / finally | ใพใใใใใใใใ ใใคใใใ |
| ใใใจใ | or (in a question) | ใใกใใงใใใใใใจใ ใณใผใใผใงใใใ |
| ใพใใฏ / ใใใใฏ / ใใใใฏ | or (in a statement; increasingly formal) | ใงใใใใพใใฏ ใกใผใซใง ใใใใใ ใใ ใใใ |
| ใจใใใง | by the way (change of subject) | ใจใใใงใใใใใฎ ใใฆใใฏ? |
| ใใฆ / ใงใฏ | now, well then (starting a new part) | ใใฆใใคใใฎ ใใใ ใใซ ใใคใใพใใใใ |
6. Compound sentences: joining inside a sentence
| Link | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใ / ใใใใฉใ | but | ใใใใใใใ ใใชใ ใ |
| ใใใใใ | and (listing reasons) | ใใใใใใใใใใใใกใใใ |
| ใใฎใง / ใใใ | because | ใใใฎ ใใใใกใ ใใใจ ใชใฃใใ |
| ใใฎใซ | although (with surprise) | ในใใใใใใใฎใซใใใกใใ |
| ใใชใใ / ใใคใค | while doing | ใใใใใ ใใใชใใ ใฏใใใใ |
| ้ฃ็จไธญๆญข (stem form) | and (written chain of actions) | ใใ ใใใใใใ ใใใใใใใจใซ ใใใ |
The stem-form chain (ใใใใใใใใใ) is a written alternative to the ใฆ-form chain. It is common in reports and recipes, and it ends the chain with a verb in its full form.
7. Building a paragraph in written style
A tidy paragraph in the ใ ใปใงใใ style (see Chapter 5) has four moves, and each move has its connectors:
| Move | What it does | Connectors |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Claim | states the point | ใพใ; ใฏใใใซ |
| 2. Support | reasons, examples | ใชใใชใ; ใใจใใฐ; ใใใซ |
| 3. Qualify | counterpoint or limit | ใใใ; ใใ ใ; ไธๆน |
| 4. Conclude | result or summary | ใใใใฃใฆ; ใคใพใ; ใใฎใใใซ |
For example: ใพใใใใใใคใ ในใใใซ ใชใฃใใใใจใใฐใในใใผใใใฉใณใง ใชใใงใ ใงใใใใใใใใคใใใใใฎ ใใใ ใใ ใใใใใใใฃใฆใใใใใใช ใคใใใใใ ใฒใคใใใงใใใ
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Connectors at work in speech and in writing.
โ Explaining a result
โก Adding and limiting
โข Changing the subject
๐ Quick Reference
| Relation | Casual | Formal / written |
|---|---|---|
| Contrast | ใงใ | ใใใ, ใ ใ, ใจใใใ, ไธๆน |
| Result | ใ ใใ, ใใใง | ใใใใฃใฆ, ใใฎใใ |
| Addition | ใใใซ | ใใใซ, ใใฎใใ, ใพใ, ใใใ |
| Restating | ใคใพใ | ใใชใใก |
| Proviso | ใใ | ใใ ใ, ใใฃใจใ |
| Or | ใใใจใ (question) | ใพใใฏ, ใใใใฏ, ใใใใฏ |
| Topic change | ใจใใใง | ใใฆ, ใงใฏ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Which fits "I studied, but I failed (unexpectedly)": ใ ใใ or ใจใใใ?
Show answer
ใจใใใ: the result was the opposite of what was expected.
2. Give the formal word for the casual ใงใ at the start of a report.
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ใใใ
3. Complete: ใใใฏ ใใชใใใชใใชใใใณใใใใ ๏ผใ๏ผใ
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ใใใ (or ใใใงใใ). ใชใใชใ ends with ใใ.
4. Which connector adds a proviso: ใใ ใ or ใใใซ?
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ใใ ใ. ใใใซ adds a further point.
5. Choose for a question "Tea, or coffee?": ใพใใฏ or ใใใจใ?
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ใใใจใ, which links options in a question.
6. Choose for a notice "Call or email": ใพใใฏ or ใใใจใ?
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ใพใใฏ. A statement uses ใพใใฏ / ใใใใฏ.
7. Which connector means "by the way"?
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ใจใใใง
8. Put the stem-form chain in order: ใใ๏ผใใใ๏ผใใใใ๏ผใใใ๏ผใใใใจใซ ใใ.
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ใใ ใใใใใใ ใใใใใใใจใซ ใใใ
9. Choose the formal connector for a logical conclusion: ใใใใฃใฆ or ใใใง?
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ใใใใฃใฆ. ใใใง continues a story.
10. In a four-move paragraph, where does ใคใพใ or ใใใใฃใฆ belong?
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In move 4, the conclusion.