Connectors

Japanese Grammar 4

Course 4 ยท Chapter 10 ยท Connectors

๐Ÿ”— Connectors and Compound Sentences โ€” ใ›ใคใžใใ—

What separates a string of correct sentences from a piece of writing is how the sentences are joined. Connectors () tell the reader whether the next sentence adds, contrasts, concludes, explains or changes the subject. This chapter collects the connectors you need at this level, separates the casual from the formal, and ends with how a paragraph is built.

The rule in one box A connector comes at the start of the new sentence and states its relation to the one before: contrast (ใ—ใ‹ใ—, ใจใ“ใ‚ใŒ), result (ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ, ใใฎใŸใ‚), addition (ใใ‚Œใซ, ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ), restating (ใคใพใ‚Š), proviso (ใŸใ ใ—), topic change (ใจใ“ใ‚ใง). Written style prefers the formal word; speech prefers the short one.

1. Contrast

ConnectorFeelExample
casual speech
standard, written and polite
written, a little firm
the result was unexpected
on the other hand (two sides of a situation)
Watch out: ใจใ“ใ‚ใŒ is about surprise ใ—ใ‹ใ— simply contrasts. ใจใ“ใ‚ใŒ says: "I expected X, but the opposite happened", and it normally leads into a past report. You cannot use ใจใ“ใ‚ใŒ to set up a command or a wish.

2. Result and reason

ConnectorFeelExample
so; casual, also used in firm argument
and so (follows a story)
because of that (written)
therefore (a logical conclusion; formal)
the reason is... (ends in ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ  / ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ‚ใ‚‹)

3. Addition

ConnectorMeaningExample
besides, moreover (casual to neutral)
and what is more (a surprising extra)
furthermore (written)
also, again (formal list)

4. Restating, limiting, giving examples

ConnectorJobExample
in other words
namely (formal ใคใพใ‚Š)
a proviso or exception
for example
though, mind you (a mild qualification)

5. Order, choice and changing the subject

ConnectorJobExample
first / next / finally
or (in a question)
or (in a statement; increasingly formal)
by the way (change of subject)
now, well then (starting a new part)
Watch out: ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ is for questions ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ joins two options of a question. In a statement, use ใพใŸใฏ or ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ. Writing ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ in a notice sounds as if the notice were asking the reader something.

6. Compound sentences: joining inside a sentence

LinkMeaningExample
but
and (listing reasons)
because
although (with surprise)
while doing
and (written chain of actions)

The stem-form chain () is a written alternative to the ใฆ-form chain. It is common in reports and recipes, and it ends the chain with a verb in its full form.

7. Building a paragraph in written style

A tidy paragraph in the ใ ใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹ style (see Chapter 5) has four moves, and each move has its connectors:

MoveWhat it doesConnectors
1. Claimstates the point
2. Supportreasons, examples
3. Qualifycounterpoint or limit
4. Concluderesult or summary

For example:

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Connectors at work in speech and in writing.

โ‘  Explaining a result

A: How was yesterday's match?
B: I thought we'd win. But at the end they turned it around on us.

โ‘ก Adding and limiting

A: This room is near the station, and it's also spacious. However, the rent is a bit high.
B: In other words, it's convenient but costs money.

โ‘ข Changing the subject

A: The report is mostly done. By the way, what time is next week's meeting?
B: From 1. Or shall we change it to 2?

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

RelationCasualFormal / written
Contrastใงใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—, ใ ใŒ, ใจใ“ใ‚ใŒ, ไธ€ๆ–น
Resultใ ใ‹ใ‚‰, ใใ‚Œใงใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ, ใใฎใŸใ‚
Additionใใ‚Œใซใ•ใ‚‰ใซ, ใใฎใ†ใˆ, ใพใŸ, ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚
Restatingใคใพใ‚Šใ™ใชใ‚ใก
ProvisoใŸใ ใŸใ ใ—, ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚
Orใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ (question)ใพใŸใฏ, ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ, ใ‚‚ใ—ใใฏ
Topic changeใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ•ใฆ, ใงใฏ

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Which fits "I studied, but I failed (unexpectedly)": or ?

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: the result was the opposite of what was expected.

2. Give the formal word for the casual at the start of a report.

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3. Complete:

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(or ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ‚ใ‚‹). ใชใœใชใ‚‰ ends with ใ‹ใ‚‰.

4. Which connector adds a proviso: or ?

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. ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ adds a further point.

5. Choose for a question "Tea, or coffee?": or ?

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, which links options in a question.

6. Choose for a notice "Call or email": or ?

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. A statement uses ใพใŸใฏ / ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ.

7. Which connector means "by the way"?

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8. Put the stem-form chain in order: .

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9. Choose the formal connector for a logical conclusion: or ?

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. ใใ‚Œใง continues a story.

10. In a four-move paragraph, where does or belong?

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In move 4, the conclusion.

Coming up in Chapter 11: Idiom, Proverbs and Spoken Japanese. ๅ››ๅญ—็†Ÿ่ชž, common proverbs, set expressions with body words such as ๆ‰‹, ็›ฎ, ๅฃ, contractions and slang, and a note on regional speech.