Causative
Japanese Grammar 3
Course 3 ยท Chapter 11 ยท The Causative and the Causative-Passive
๐๏ธ The Causative โ ใใใ
The causative says that someone makes or lets another person do something: "My mother made me eat vegetables", "The teacher let us go home early". Combined with the passive, it also gives the idea "I was made to do it", which is a common Japanese complaint. This is the last big verb form in the course, and the building blocks (the passive and the potential) will help you a great deal.
1. Forming the causative
| Group | Dictionary | Causative | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ใใ | ใใใใ | ใ โ ใ + ใใ |
| 1 | ใฎใ | ใฎใพใใ | ใ โ ใพ + ใใ |
| 1 | ใใ | ใใใใ | ใ โ ใ + ใใ |
| 1 | ใฏใชใ | ใฏใชใใใ | ใ โ ใ + ใใ |
| 2 | ใในใ | ใในใใใ | drop ใ + ใใใ |
| 2 | ใใใ | ใใใใใ | drop ใ + ใใใ |
| 3 | ใใ | ใใใ | irregular |
| 3 | ใใ | ใใใใ | irregular |
The causative is itself a Group 2 verb: ใในใใใพใ, ใในใใใชใ, ใในใใใ, ใในใใใฆ.
2. Making and letting
| Meaning | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Making (forcing, ordering) | ใฏใฏใฏ ใใฉใใซ ใใใใ ใในใใใพใใใ ใใกใใใฏ ใใใใซ ใใใใใใ ใใใพใใใ | My mother made the child eat vegetables. The section chief made me work overtime. |
| Letting (allowing) | ใกใกใฏ ใใใใซ ใใใพใ ใใใฆใใใใฆ ใใใพใใใ ใใใใใฏ ใใใใใ ใฏใใ ใใใใใพใใใ | My father let me drive the car. The teacher let the students go home early. |
Which particle marks the person made to act?
| Verb type | Person made to act | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Transitive (has an object ใ) | ใซ | ใฏใฏใฏ ใใฉใใซ ใธใใ ใใใใใใพใใใ |
| Intransitive (no object) | ใ (making) or ใซ (letting) | ใใใใใฏ ใใใใใ ใใใใพใใใ (made them stand) ใใใใใฏ ใใใใใซ ใใใช ใใใซ ใใใพใใใ (let them do as they like) |
3. ใ(ใ)ใใฆใใ ใใ and ใ(ใ)ใใฆใใใ ใ
| Pattern | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใ(ใ)ใใฆ ใใ ใใ | ใใใใซใ ใใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | Please let me do it too. |
| ใ(ใ)ใใฆ ใใใ | ใใใใฏ ใฏใใ ใใใใใฆ ใใใใพใใ | I'll take the liberty of going home early today. |
| ใ(ใ)ใใฆ ใใใ ใ (humble) | ใใใใใใใใ ใใใฆ ใใใ ใใพใใ ใใใใ ใ ใใใใฟใ ใจใใใฆ ใใใ ใใใใฎใงใใใ | Allow me to introduce myself. I would like to ask for time off next week. |
4. Causing emotions
The causative is also used with verbs of emotion: someone causes someone to feel something.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใใฏ ใฟใใชใ ใใใใใพใใใ | He made everyone laugh. |
| ใใใฑใใใใฆใใใใใชใใใ | I'm sorry to have worried you. |
| ใใฎ ใใใใฏ ใใใใ ใชใใใใพใใใ | This film made me cry. |
5. The causative-passive: being made to
Add the passive to the causative: causative stem + ใใใ. The subject is the one who is made to do something, usually against their will.
| Group | Dictionary | Causative-passive | Short form (Group 1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ใฎใ | ใฎใพใใใใ | ใฎใพใใใ (common) |
| 1 | ใใ | ใใใใใใ | ใใใใใ |
| 1 | ใฏใชใ | ใฏใชใใใใใ | (no short form) |
| 2 | ใในใ | ใในใใใใใ | โ |
| 3 | ใใ / ใใ | ใใใใใ / ใใใใใใ | โ |
| Active | Causative-passive |
|---|---|
| ใฏใฏใ ใใใใซ ใใใใ ใในใใใใ Mother made me eat vegetables. | ใใใใฏ ใฏใฏใซ ใใใใ ใในใใใใใใ I was made to eat vegetables by my mother. |
| ใใใใใ ใใใใซ ใใใใใใ ใใใใ | ใใใใฏ ใใใใใใ ใใใใใใ I was made to work overtime. |
| ใใใฑใใ ใใใใซ ใใใ ใใใใใใ | ใใใใฏ ใใใฑใใซ ใใใ ใใใใใใใ I was made to sing by a senior. |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Making, letting and being made.
โ A strict parent
โก Asking permission
โข Worrying someone
๐ Quick Reference
| Form | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Causative, Group 1 | ใชใ-stem + ใใ | ใฎใพใใ |
| Causative, Group 2 | drop ใ + ใใใ | ใในใใใ |
| Causative, ใใ / ใใ | ใใใ / ใใใใ | |
| Made vs let (transitive) | ใซ for the causee | ใใฉใใซ ใในใใใ |
| Intransitive: made / let | ใ / ใซ | ใใใใใ ใใใใ |
| Please let me | ใ(ใ)ใใฆ ใใ ใใ | ใใใใฆ ใใ ใใ |
| Humble | ใ(ใ)ใใฆ ใใใ ใ | ใใใใชใใใใฆ ใใใ ใใพใ |
| Causative-passive | causative + ใใใ | ใในใใใใใ; ใฎใพใใใ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Causative of ใใ, ใใ and ใฏใชใ.
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ใใพใใ, ใใใใ, ใฏใชใใใ
2. Causative of ใในใ, ใใ and ใใ.
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ใในใใใ, ใใใ, ใใใใ
3. Say "The teacher made us read the text."
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ใใใใใฏ ใใใใใกใซ ใถใใใใใ ใใพใใพใใใ
4. Say "My father let me use the car."
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ใกใกใฏ ใใใใซ ใใใพใ ใคใใใใฆ ใใใพใใใ
5. Say "Please let me try."
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ใใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ (or ใใใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ)
6. Say "He made everyone laugh."
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ใใใฏ ใฟใใชใ ใใใใใพใใใ
7. Causative-passive of ใฎใ (short form), ใในใ and ใใ.
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ใฎใพใใใ, ใในใใใใใ, ใใใใใ
8. Say "I was made to wait for two hours."
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ใซใใใ ใพใใใใพใใใ
9. Say "I was made to sing at the party."
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ใใผใใฃใผใง ใใใ ใใใใใใพใใใ
10. Which marks the one who is made to act in ใฏใฏใฏ ใใฉใ__ ใใใใ ใในใใใ, ใซ or ใ?
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ใซ: the verb is transitive (has ใใใใ), so the causee takes ใซ.