Causative

Japanese Grammar 3

Course 3 ยท Chapter 11 ยท The Causative and the Causative-Passive

๐ŸŽš๏ธ The Causative โ€” ใ—ใˆใ

The causative says that someone makes or lets another person do something: "My mother made me eat vegetables", "The teacher let us go home early". Combined with the passive, it also gives the idea "I was made to do it", which is a common Japanese complaint. This is the last big verb form in the course, and the building blocks (the passive and the potential) will help you a great deal.

The rule in one box Group 1: ใชใ„-stem + ใ›ใ‚‹ (ใ‹ใ โ†’ ใ‹ใ‹ใ›ใ‚‹). Group 2: drop ใ‚‹ + ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (ใŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹). ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹; ใใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ“ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹. The causer takes ใฏ / ใŒ, the one made to act takes ใซ (or ใ‚’ for intransitive verbs). Causative + passive: ใ€œ(ใ•)ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ = "to be made to".

1. Forming the causative

GroupDictionaryCausativeRule
1ใ โ†’ ใ‹ + ใ›ใ‚‹
1ใ‚€ โ†’ ใพ + ใ›ใ‚‹
1ใ† โ†’ ใ‚ + ใ›ใ‚‹
1ใ™ โ†’ ใ• + ใ›ใ‚‹
2drop ใ‚‹ + ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
2drop ใ‚‹ + ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
3irregular
3irregular

The causative is itself a Group 2 verb: ใŸในใ•ใ›ใพใ™, ใŸในใ•ใ›ใชใ„, ใŸในใ•ใ›ใŸ, ใŸในใ•ใ›ใฆ.

2. Making and letting

MeaningExampleEnglish
Making (forcing, ordering)
My mother made the child eat vegetables.
The section chief made me work overtime.
Letting (allowing)
My father let me drive the car.
The teacher let the students go home early.

Which particle marks the person made to act?

Verb typePerson made to actExample
Transitive (has an object ใ‚’)ใซ
Intransitive (no object)ใ‚’ (making) or ใซ (letting) (made them stand)
(let them do as they like)
Watch out: make or let? The causative alone is ambiguous: ใ“ใฉใ‚‚ใซ ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ ใ•ใ›ใŸ can be "made" or "let". Context and the verb of favour help: ใ€œใ•ใ›ใฆ ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ or ใ€œใ•ใ›ใฆ ใ‚„ใ‚‹ means "allow", while a hierarchy plus unwelcome content suggests "make". Strong forcing is often clearer with ใ‚€ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ‚Š ("by force"): ใ‚€ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ‚Š ใŸในใ•ใ›ใŸ.

3. ใ€œ(ใ•)ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ and ใ€œ(ใ•)ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ

PatternExampleEnglish
ใ€œ(ใ•)ใ›ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„Please let me do it too.
ใ€œ(ใ•)ใ›ใฆ ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†I'll take the liberty of going home early today.
ใ€œ(ใ•)ใ›ใฆ ใ„ใŸใ ใ (humble)
Allow me to introduce myself.
I would like to ask for time off next week.
Watch out: ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ is a fixed polite frame ใ€œ(ใ•)ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ literally means "I receive the favour of being allowed to ...". It is a very common polite way for a speaker to announce what they will do when the other person's permission or goodwill is involved (ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ„ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™). Used for ordinary actions that need no permission, it can sound over-humble; the fuller treatment is in Japanese Grammar 4.

4. Causing emotions

The causative is also used with verbs of emotion: someone causes someone to feel something.

JapaneseEnglish
He made everyone laugh.
I'm sorry to have worried you.
This film made me cry.

5. The causative-passive: being made to

Add the passive to the causative: causative stem + ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹. The subject is the one who is made to do something, usually against their will.

GroupDictionaryCausative-passiveShort form (Group 1)
1 (common)
1
1(no short form)
2โ€”
3โ€”
ActiveCausative-passive

Mother made me eat vegetables.

I was made to eat vegetables by my mother.

I was made to work overtime.

I was made to sing by a senior.
Watch out: cause, receive and complain Think of the causative-passive as: "someone made me do it, and I didn't like it". It carries the same adversity tone as the indirect passive (Chapter 10). Compare: causative ใฏใฏใฏ ใ‚ใŸใ—ใซ ใŸในใ•ใ›ใŸ (mother made me eat), passive ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ ใฏใฏใซ ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ (I was scolded by mother), causative-passive ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ ใฏใฏใซ ใŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ (I was made to eat). Notice that in the last sentence the subject is the one who does the action, as in the plain sentence ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ ใŸในใŸ.

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Making, letting and being made.

โ‘  A strict parent

A: What were you made to do by your mother as a child?
B: I was made to practise piano every day, and made to eat vegetables I disliked.

โ‘ก Asking permission

A: Excuse me, could I go home early today?
B: Of course. Take care.

โ‘ข Worrying someone

A: I'm sorry I made you worry.
B: I'm glad you're safe. Next time, please contact me.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

FormRuleExample
Causative, Group 1ใชใ„-stem + ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใพใ›ใ‚‹
Causative, Group 2drop ใ‚‹ + ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
Causative, ใ™ใ‚‹ / ใใ‚‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ / ใ“ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
Made vs let (transitive)ใซ for the causeeใ“ใฉใ‚‚ใซ ใŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
Intransitive: made / letใ‚’ / ใซใŒใใ›ใ„ใ‚’ ใŸใŸใ›ใ‚‹
Please let meใ€œ(ใ•)ใ›ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ‚„ใ‚‰ใ›ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„
Humbleใ€œ(ใ•)ใ›ใฆ ใ„ใŸใ ใใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ„ใ•ใ›ใฆ ใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™
Causative-passivecausative + ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹; ใฎใพใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Causative of , and .

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2. Causative of , and .

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3. Say "The teacher made us read the text."

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4. Say "My father let me use the car."

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5. Say "Please let me try."

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(or )

6. Say "He made everyone laugh."

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7. Causative-passive of (short form), and .

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8. Say "I was made to wait for two hours."

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9. Say "I was made to sing at the party."

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10. Which marks the one who is made to act in , ใซ or ใ‚’?

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: the verb is transitive (has ใ‚„ใ•ใ„ใ‚’), so the causee takes ใซ.

Coming up in Chapter 12: Putting It Together. A long sentence built clause by clause, a decision procedure, an error-spotting clinic, the Course Complete recap and a pointer to Japanese Grammar 4.