Te-Form Uses I

Japanese Grammar 2

Course 2 ยท Chapter 3 ยท Uses of the Te-Form I: Requests, Progress and Permission

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ Using the Te-Form (1) โ€” ใฆ-ใ‘ใ„ใฎ ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

In Chapter 2 you learned to build the te-form. Now you use it. This chapter covers the five most frequent jobs: asking someone to do something, saying that an action is in progress or a state holds, giving and asking for permission, saying "after doing", and chaining actions in order.

The rule in one box ใ€œใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ = please do. ใ€œใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ = is doing / is in the state of. ใ€œใฆ ใ‚‚ ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ = you may. ใ€œใฆ ใ‹ใ‚‰ = after doing. ใ€œใฆใ€ใ€œใฆใ€ใ€œใพใ™ = do this, then this, then this. The te-form stays the same; tense and politeness are set by the last verb.

1. Requests: ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„

You met the set phrases in Japanese Grammar 1 Chapter 11. Now you can make any request.

JapaneseEnglish

koko ni namae o kaite kudasai
Please write your name here.
Please read this book.
Please open the door.
Please wait a little.
Watch out: ใใ ใ•ใ„ can sound like an order ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ is polite, but it is a request that expects to be fulfilled (instructions, directions, "please sit down"). To ask a favour of someone, soften it: ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ or ใ€œใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ (Japanese Grammar 4), or begin with ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ and use ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹. Between friends the ใใ ใ•ใ„ is simply dropped: ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ ใพใฃใฆใ€‚

2. ใ€œใฆใ„ใพใ™: progress and state

Verb te-form + ใ„ใพใ™ (the polite form of ใ„ใ‚‹) has four main meanings. Which one you get depends on the verb:

MeaningVerbsExample
Action in progress (is -ing)activity verbs: ใŸในใ‚‹, ใ‚ˆใ‚€, ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ, ใฏใชใ™
I'm eating now.
Resulting state (has done, and it remains so)change verbs: ใ‚ใ, ใ—ใพใ‚‹, ใคใ, ใ—ใฌ, ใ‘ใฃใ“ใ‚“ใ™ใ‚‹, ใ™ใ‚€, ใ‚‚ใค, ใ—ใ‚‹, ใใ‚‹
The door is open.

I'm married.
Habit or repeated actionmost verbs, with a frequency word
I run every day.
Occupation and long-term situationใฏใŸใ‚‰ใ, ใ™ใ‚€, ใพใชใถ
I live in Tokyo.

I work at a bank.
Watch out: a "state" verb, not an English "-ing" ใ—ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ means "I know"; the negative is ใ—ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ("I don't know"), not ใ—ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“. Similarly ใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ means "I have (with me)", and ใใฆใ„ใพใ™ means "has come (and is here)". When an English "-ing" does not fit the Japanese meaning, it is a resulting state: ask "what is the situation now?"

The negative and past follow ใ„ใ‚‹: ใŸในใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ (isn't eating), ใŸในใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ (was eating), ใŸในใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ (wasn't eating). The same pattern in the plain form is ใ€œใฆใ„ใ‚‹, and in casual speech the ใ„ is often dropped: ใŸในใฆใ‚‹.

3. Permission: ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™

Te-form + ใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ means "may / it is all right to": a statement, or with ใ‹ a request for permission.

PatternExampleEnglish
Asking permission
koko de shashin o tottemo ii desu ka
May I take photos here?
Giving permission / Yes, of course. / Please do.
Refusing / I'm sorry, that's a bitโ€ฆ / No, it's not allowed.
Stating permissionYou may sit here.

The refusal for a prohibition (ใ€œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“) is in Chapter 4. To ask, ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ is the standard polite form; a more deferential one is ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹.

4. ใ€œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰: after doing

Te-form + ใ‹ใ‚‰ means "after doing X": the second action begins only once the first is finished.

JapaneseEnglish

gohan o tabete kara, ha o migakimasu
After I eat, I brush my teeth.
After work finishes, I'm meeting a friend.
Since I came to Japan, I've been studying Japanese.
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ is stronger than ใฆ ใ€œใฆใ€ใ€œใพใ™ only lists actions in order; ใ€œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ emphasises the order ("only after"), and in the third example gives "since". Use ใ€œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ whenever the order matters.

5. Sequences with ใฆ

Chain several actions by putting each verb in the te-form except the last. The last verb gives the tense and politeness for all of them.

JapaneseEnglish
I got up, showered and went to school.
I'll go to the supermarket, buy vegetables and go home.
Please go straight and turn right.
Don't use te-chains for two things at once A te-chain means "A, then B". For two actions at the same time (listening while walking) Japanese uses a different form (ใ€œใชใŒใ‚‰, Japanese Grammar 3). Also, the te-form links verbs and adjectives, but to join two nouns you use ใจ or ใ‚„ (Japanese Grammar 1 Chapter 6).

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Te-forms at work.

โ‘  At the doctor's

A: Koko ni suwatte kudasai. Onamae o kaite kudasai. Please sit here. Please write your name.
B: Hai. Pen o karite mo ii desu ka. Yes. May I borrow a pen?

โ‘ก On the phone

A: Moshimoshi, ima nani o shite imasu ka. Hello, what are you doing now?
B: Uchi de gohan o tsukutte imasu. Tabete kara, dekakemasu. I'm making dinner at home. I'll go out after eating.

โ‘ข Giving directions

A: Eki wa doko desu ka. Where is the station?
B: Massugu itte, ano kลsaten o watatte kudasai. Go straight and cross that crossroads.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

PatternMeaningExample
ใ€œใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„please doใพใฃใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„
ใ€œใฆ ใ„ใพใ™is doing / state / habit / long-termใŸในใฆ ใ„ใพใ™; ใ‘ใฃใ“ใ‚“ใ—ใฆ ใ„ใพใ™
ใ€œใฆ ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“isn't doing / hasn't (yet)ใพใ  ใŸในใฆ ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใ€œใฆ ใ‚‚ ใ„ใ„ใงใ™(ใ‹)may / may I?ใ™ใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใ€œใฆ ใ‹ใ‚‰after doingใŸในใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ„ใใพใ™
ใ€œใฆใ€ใ€œใฆใ€ใ€œใพใ™do, then do, then doใŠใใฆใ€ใŸในใฆใ€ใ„ใใพใ™

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Say "Please read this page."

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2. Say "I'm studying Japanese now."

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3. Say "The window is open." (Which kind of ใ€œใฆใ„ใพใ™?)

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A resulting state.

4. Say "I live in Edinburgh."

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5. Say "I don't know." Why not ใ—ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“?

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The negative of ใ—ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ is the irregular ใ—ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.

6. Ask "May I sit here?"

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7. Politely refuse a request to sit in your reserved seat, without saying "no".

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8. Say "After I eat, I take a walk." (ใ•ใ‚“ใฝใ™ใ‚‹)

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9. Say "I got up, washed my face and ate breakfast."

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Only the last verb is in the past.

10. Say "I'm married." and "I'm not married."

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/ (Not ใ‘ใฃใ“ใ‚“ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“, which would mean "I won't marry".)

Coming up in Chapter 4: Uses of the Te-Form II. Trying with ใ€œใฆใฟใ‚‹, doing in advance with ใ€œใฆใŠใ, finishing or regretting with ใ€œใฆใ—ใพใ†, prohibition with ใ€œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“, and ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ (even if).