Putting It Together
Japanese Grammar 2
Course 2 ยท Chapter 12 ยท Putting It Together
๐งฉ Putting It Together โ ใพใจใ
Over eleven chapters you built a map of the Japanese verb: three groups, a base form, and a family of derived forms, each with its own jobs. This final chapter puts them side by side, gives you a way to choose between them, and trains you to spot the errors learners make most often.
1. One verb in every form
| Form | Group 1: ใฎใ | Group 2: ใในใ | ใใ | ใใ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | ใฎใ | ใในใ | ใใ | ใใ |
| Polite ใพใ | ใฎใฟใพใ | ใในใพใ | ใใพใ | ใใพใ |
| Te-form | ใฎใใง | ใในใฆ | ใใฆ | ใใฆ |
| ใชใ | ใฎใพใชใ | ใในใชใ | ใใชใ | ใใชใ |
| Plain past (ใ) | ใฎใใ | ใในใ | ใใ | ใใ |
| Past negative | ใฎใพใชใใฃใ | ใในใชใใฃใ | ใใชใใฃใ | ใใชใใฃใ |
| Potential | ใฎใใ | ใในใใใ | ใงใใ | ใใใใ |
| Volitional | ใฎใใ | ใในใใ | ใใใ | ใใใ |
| Want (ใใใ) | ใฎใฟใใ | ใในใใ | ใใใ | ใใใ |
2. A decision procedure
| I want to say ... | Use | Chapter |
|---|---|---|
| Please do / is doing / may I / after doing / do, then do | te-form: ใใฆใใ ใใ, ใใฆใใพใ, ใใฆใใใใงใ, ใใฆใใ, ใใฆใใใฆ | 2, 3 |
| Try / do in advance / finish (or regret) / must not / even if | te-form: ใใฆใฟใ, ใใฆใใ, ใใฆใใพใ, ใใฆใฏใใใพใใ, ใใฆใ | 4 |
| Please don't / don't have to / must / had better not | ใชใ-form: ใใชใใงใใ ใใ, ใใชใใฆใใใ, ใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ, ใใชใใปใใใใ | 5 |
| Casual, a diary, or a verb inside a clause | plain forms: ใใ, ใใชใ, ใใ, ใใชใใฃใ | 6, 7 |
| Can do | potential (ใใใ, ใใใใ) or ใใใจใใงใใ | 8 |
| Let's / thinking of / intend / scheduled / decide / it's been decided | volitional, ใคใใ, ไบๅฎ, ใใจใซใใ, ใใจใซใชใ | 9 |
| Want (I / he) / make an effort / come to / become | ใใใ / ใใใใ, ใใใใซใใ, ใใใใซใชใ, ใใใชใ / ใใซใชใ | 10 |
| The act of / have done / sometimes / had better | plain + ใใจ / ใฎ, ใใใใจใใใ, ใใใปใใใใ | 11 |
The two big checks
- Group check. Does the verb end in ใ? If so, look at the vowel before it and remember the false ru-verbs (ใใใ, ใฏใใ, ใฏใใ, ใใ, ใใ, ใใ). Test with the ใพใ-form: ใใใใพใ means Group 1.
- Politeness check. Polite only on the final predicate; everything inside the sentence is plain or te-form.
3. Error-spotting clinic
Each sentence below has one error. Find it, then check the correction.
| Wrong | Why | Right |
|---|---|---|
| ใฏใใฆใใ ใใใ (meaning "Please come in.") | ใฏใใ is a false ru-verb (Group 1), so ใ โ ใฃใฆ. | ใฏใใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ |
| ใใใฆใใปใใ ใใฟใพใใใ | ใใ is the te-form exception. | ใใฃใฆใใปใใ ใใฟใพใใใ |
| ใปใใ ใใใชใใ | Verbs ending in ใ take ใ in the ใชใ-form. | ใปใใ ใใใชใใ |
| ใซใปใใใ ใฏใชใใพใใ (I can speak Japanese) | The potential form is needed: ใฏใชใใ. | ใซใปใใใ ใฏใชใใพใใ |
| ใใใฏ ใใใใใงใใ (stated as fact) | Another person's wish: ใใใใ. | ใใใฏ ใใใใใฃใฆ ใใพใใ |
| ใใใซ ใชใใพใใใ | ใ-adjective + ใใชใ. | ใใใ ใชใใพใใใ |
| ใใใใ ใชใใพใใใ | ใช-adjective + ใซใชใ. | ใใใใซ ใชใใพใใใ |
| ใใใใฏ ใใใใ ใจ ใใใใพใใ | ใ-adjectives take no ใ . | ใใใใฏ ใใใใจ ใใใใพใใ |
| ใใฎใ ใจใใ ใกใซ ใใใพใใใจ ใใใใพใใใ | Polite endings do not go inside a quoted clause. | ใใฎใ ใจใใ ใกใซ ใใใชใใฃใใจ ใใใใพใใใ or a polite-style rephrasing. |
| ใใฃใฆ ใใพใใใ | "I don't know" is irregular. | ใใใพใใใ |
| ใชใซใ ใในใใใงใใ to your boss | Style, not grammar: too direct for a superior. | ใชใซใ ใใใใใใพใใใ (Japanese Grammar 4) / ใชใซใ ใในใพใใใใ |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
The whole course in three exchanges. Spot the forms.
โ Plans
โก Progress
โข Advice and rules
๐ Course Complete โ Recap
| Chapters | What you can now do |
|---|---|
| 1 | Classify any verb into its group and find its stem. |
| 2-4 | Form the te-form and use it for requests, progress, permission, sequences, trying, preparing, regret, prohibition and concession. |
| 5 | Form the ใชใ-form; say "don't", "don't have to", "must" and "had better not". |
| 6-7 | Use plain forms and choose between polite and plain speech, with sentence-final particles. |
| 8 | Say what you can do with the potential form and ใใจใใงใใ. |
| 9-10 | Talk about plans, intentions, decisions, wants and change. |
| 11 | Turn verbs into nouns with ใใจ and ใฎ; talk about experience and advice. |
| 12 | Choose the right form and spot common errors. |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Give the te-form, ใชใ-form, plain past and potential of ใใ.
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ใใใง, ใใพใชใ, ใใใ , ใใใ
2. Give the same four forms of ใใใ.
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ใใใฆ, ใใใชใ, ใใใ, ใใใใใ
3. Say "Please don't speak here."
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ใใใง ใฏใชใใชใใง ใใ ใใใ
4. Say "I must send this letter today."
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ใใใ ใใฎ ใฆใใฟใ ใ ใใชใใใฐ ใชใใพใใใ
5. Say "You don't have to wait."
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ใพใใชใใฆใ ใใใงใใ
6. Say "I've never been to China."
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ใกใ ใใใใธ ใใฃใ ใใจใ ใใใพใใใ
7. Say "I'm thinking of learning Japanese, and I intend to start tomorrow."
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ใซใปใใใ ใชใใใใจ ใใใฃใฆ ใใพใใใใใ ใฏใใใ ใคใใใงใใ
8. Say "She wants to go to the party, but I don't want to go."
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ใใฎใใใฏ ใใผใใฃใผใซ ใใใใใฃใฆ ใใพใใใใใใใฏ ใใใใใชใใงใใ
9. Say "It has become warm, so I can go out."
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ใใใใใ ใชใฃใใฎใงใใงใใใใใพใใ
10. Correct and explain: ใฏใใใใฆใใในใพใใใ
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ใฏใใใใฆใใในใพใใใ ใฏใใใ is Group 1: ใ โ ใใฆ.