Putting It Together

Japanese Grammar 2

Course 2 ยท Chapter 12 ยท Putting It Together

๐Ÿงฉ Putting It Together โ€” ใพใจใ‚

Over eleven chapters you built a map of the Japanese verb: three groups, a base form, and a family of derived forms, each with its own jobs. This final chapter puts them side by side, gives you a way to choose between them, and trains you to spot the errors learners make most often.

The rule in one box 1) Find the group (Group 1, Group 2 or irregular). 2) Find the form you need (te, ใชใ„, ใŸ, potential, volitional, stem). 3) Attach the grammar that goes with that form. A mistake almost always happens at step 1 (wrong group) or step 3 (wrong ending for the form).

1. One verb in every form

FormGroup 1: ใฎใ‚€Group 2: ใŸในใ‚‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใใ‚‹
Dictionaryใฎใ‚€ใŸในใ‚‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใใ‚‹
Polite ใพใ™ใฎใฟใพใ™ใŸในใพใ™ใ—ใพใ™ใใพใ™
Te-formใฎใ‚“ใงใŸในใฆใ—ใฆใใฆ
ใชใ„ใฎใพใชใ„ใŸในใชใ„ใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใชใ„
Plain past (ใŸ)ใฎใ‚“ใ ใŸในใŸใ—ใŸใใŸ
Past negativeใฎใพใชใ‹ใฃใŸใŸในใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
Potentialใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
Volitionalใฎใ‚‚ใ†ใŸในใ‚ˆใ†ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใ‚ˆใ†
Want (ใ€œใŸใ„)ใฎใฟใŸใ„ใŸในใŸใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใใŸใ„

2. A decision procedure

I want to say ...UseChapter
Please do / is doing / may I / after doing / do, then dote-form: ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„, ใ€œใฆใ„ใพใ™, ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™, ใ€œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰, ใ€œใฆใ€ใ€œใฆ2, 3
Try / do in advance / finish (or regret) / must not / even ifte-form: ใ€œใฆใฟใ‚‹, ใ€œใฆใŠใ, ใ€œใฆใ—ใพใ†, ใ€œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“, ใ€œใฆใ‚‚4
Please don't / don't have to / must / had better notใชใ„-form: ใ€œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„, ใ€œใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„, ใ€œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“, ใ€œใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„5
Casual, a diary, or a verb inside a clauseplain forms: ใ€œใ‚‹, ใ€œใชใ„, ใ€œใŸ, ใ€œใชใ‹ใฃใŸ6, 7
Can dopotential (ใ€œใˆใ‚‹, ใ€œใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹) or ใ€œใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹8
Let's / thinking of / intend / scheduled / decide / it's been decidedvolitional, ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š, ไบˆๅฎš, ใ“ใจใซใ™ใ‚‹, ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹9
Want (I / he) / make an effort / come to / becomeใ€œใŸใ„ / ใ€œใŸใŒใ‚‹, ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹, ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹, ใ€œใใชใ‚‹ / ใ€œใซใชใ‚‹10
The act of / have done / sometimes / had betterplain + ใ“ใจ / ใฎ, ใ€œใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹, ใ€œใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„11

The two big checks

  1. Group check. Does the verb end in ใ‚‹? If so, look at the vowel before it and remember the false ru-verbs (ใ‹ใˆใ‚‹, ใฏใ„ใ‚‹, ใฏใ—ใ‚‹, ใ—ใ‚‹, ใใ‚‹, ใ„ใ‚‹). Test with the ใพใ™-form: ใ‹ใˆใ‚Šใพใ™ means Group 1.
  2. Politeness check. Polite only on the final predicate; everything inside the sentence is plain or te-form.

3. Error-spotting clinic

Each sentence below has one error. Find it, then check the correction.

WrongWhyRight
(meaning "Please come in.")ใฏใ„ใ‚‹ is a false ru-verb (Group 1), so ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใฃใฆ.
ใ„ใ is the te-form exception.
Verbs ending in ใ† take ใ‚ in the ใชใ„-form.
(I can speak Japanese)The potential form is needed: ใฏใชใ›ใ‚‹.
(stated as fact)Another person's wish: ใ€œใŸใŒใ‚‹.
ใ„-adjective + ใใชใ‚‹.
ใช-adjective + ใซใชใ‚‹.
ใ„-adjectives take no ใ .
Polite endings do not go inside a quoted clause. or a polite-style rephrasing.
"I don't know" is irregular.
to your bossStyle, not grammar: too direct for a superior. (Japanese Grammar 4) /

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

The whole course in three exchanges. Spot the forms.

โ‘  Plans

A: Ashita nani o suru tsumori desu ka. What do you intend to do tomorrow?
B: Tomodachi to eiga o mi ni ikล to omotte imasu. Mita koto ga nai eiga desu. I'm thinking of going to a film with a friend. It's a film I've never seen.

โ‘ก Progress

A: Nihongo ga hanaseru yล ni narimashita ka. Have you become able to speak Japanese?
B: Sukoshi dake. Mainichi hanasu yล ni shite imasu. Demo, kanji wa mada yomemasen. A little. I try to speak every day. But I can't read kanji yet.

โ‘ข Advice and rules

A: Koko de shashin o tottemo ii desu ka. May I take photos here?
B: ฤชe, tottewa ikemasen. Satsuei kinshi desu. No, you must not. Photography is prohibited.

๐ŸŽ“ Course Complete โ€” Recap

ChaptersWhat you can now do
1Classify any verb into its group and find its stem.
2-4Form the te-form and use it for requests, progress, permission, sequences, trying, preparing, regret, prohibition and concession.
5Form the ใชใ„-form; say "don't", "don't have to", "must" and "had better not".
6-7Use plain forms and choose between polite and plain speech, with sentence-final particles.
8Say what you can do with the potential form and ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹.
9-10Talk about plans, intentions, decisions, wants and change.
11Turn verbs into nouns with ใ“ใจ and ใฎ; talk about experience and advice.
12Choose the right form and spot common errors.

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Give the te-form, ใชใ„-form, plain past and potential of .

Show answer

2. Give the same four forms of .

Show answer

3. Say "Please don't speak here."

Show answer

4. Say "I must send this letter today."

Show answer

5. Say "You don't have to wait."

Show answer

6. Say "I've never been to China."

Show answer

7. Say "I'm thinking of learning Japanese, and I intend to start tomorrow."

Show answer

8. Say "She wants to go to the party, but I don't want to go."

Show answer

9. Say "It has become warm, so I can go out."

Show answer

10. Correct and explain:

Show answer

ใฏใŸใ‚‰ใ is Group 1: ใ โ†’ ใ„ใฆ.

Next: Japanese Grammar 3. Clauses and complex sentences: relative clauses, reasons, conditionals, time clauses, quoting, hearsay, giving and receiving, the passive and the causative. Congratulations on finishing Japanese Grammar 2! ๐ŸŽ‰