Customs & Festivals
Japanese Basic Conversation 3
Chapter 11 ยท Customs, Festivals & Traditions
๐ Customs & Festivals โ ใใ ใใใใจ ใใพใคใ
Japanese life follows a calendar of festivals and customs: New Year visits to shrines, cherry-blossom parties in spring, a doll display in March, summer fireworks and the Obon holiday in August. This chapter lets you talk about them and about the rules of everyday life, using ใใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใ ("it is the custom / the rule that..."), ใใงใฏ for describing customs in general, and the three giving-and-receiving verbs ใใใ, ใใใ, ใใใ. Dialog lines have no romaji; a Hard words note gives readings.
โ New Year โ ใใใใใใค
โก Cherry Blossoms โ ใฏใชใฟ
โข Rules and Customs โ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆใใพใ
โฃ Visiting with a Gift โ ใใฟใใ
โค The Doll Festival โ ใฒใชใพใคใ
โฅ Between Friends (casual) โ ใจใใ ใกใจ
๐ Key Phrases โ ใ ใใใช ใฒใใใใ
| English | Polite (ใงใ / ใพใ) | Casual (friends) |
|---|---|---|
| Happy New Year! | ใใใพใใฆ ใใใงใจใใใใใพใใ Akemashite omedetล gozaimasu. | ใใใใ! Ake ome! |
| The custom is to take shoes off. | ใใคใ ใฌใ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใใ Kutsu o nugu koto ni natte imasu. | ใใคใฏ ใฌใ ใใพใใ Kutsu wa nugu kimari. |
| It's only a small gift. | ใคใพใใชใ ใใฎใงใใใ Tsumaranai mono desu ga. | ใใใใใฟใใใ Kore, omiyage. |
| Excuse me for entering. | ใใใใพใใพใใ Ojama shimasu. | ใใใใพใผใ Ojamฤ. |
| In Japan, people eat soba at New Year's Eve. | ใซใปใใงใฏ ใใใฟใใใซ ใใฐใ ใในใพใใ Nihon de wa ลmisoka ni soba o tabemasu. | ใซใปใใงใฏ ใใใฟใใใซ ใใฐ ใในใใ Nihon de wa ลmisoka ni soba taberu. |
| I'm looking forward to it. | ใใฎใใฟใซ ใใฆ ใใพใใ Tanoshimi ni shite imasu. | ใใฎใใฟ! Tanoshimi! |
๐ค Three Verbs โ ใฉใใ
| Verb | Polite | Plain | ใชใ-form | ใ-form | ใฆ-form |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to celebrate (ใใใ, G1) | ใใใใพใ iwaimasu | ใใใ iwau | ใใใใชใ iwawanai | ใใใฃใ iwatta | ใใใฃใฆ iwatte |
| to decorate, display (ใใใ, G1) | ใใใใพใ kazarimasu | ใใใ kazaru | ใใใใชใ kazaranai | ใใใฃใ kazatta | ใใใฃใฆ kazatte |
| to welcome (ใใใใ, G2) | ใใใใพใ mukaemasu | ใใใใ mukaeru | ใใใใชใ mukaenai | ใใใใ mukaeta | ใใใใฆ mukaete |
๐งฐ Grammar Tools โ ใถใใฝใ
1. ใใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใ: "it is the rule / custom that..."
Put the plain form before ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใ to say that something is a rule, a custom or an arrangement that was set by someone else (a company, a household, society): ใใคใฏ ใใใใใง ใฌใ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใใ "The custom is to take shoes off in the entrance." Use the ใชใ-form for "it is the rule not to...": ใธใใงใฏ ใใใใใ ใใชใ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใใ
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| plain form + ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใ | it is the rule / custom | 11ใใพใงใซ ใใใ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใใ |
| ใชใ-form + ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใ | it is the rule not to | ใใใงใฏ ใใฐใใ ใใใชใ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใใ |
| plain form + ใใจใซ ใชใใพใใ | it has been decided (by others) | ใใใใค ใฒใฃใใ ใใจใซ ใชใใพใใใ (recognise) |
| plain form + ใใจใซ ใใพใใ | I decided to | ใซใปใใง ใฏใใใ ใใจใซ ใใพใใใ (recognise) |
You can also use ใใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใ for a plan that has been fixed: ใใใใฎ ใใใใฏ 10ใใใใฎ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใใ "The meeting is scheduled for 10." The next chapters do not require it, but you will hear it often in company life and in rules posted in buildings.
2. Describing customs in general: ใใงใฏ
To talk about customs without saying who does them, use the plain ใพใ-form with a topic phrase such as ใซใปใใงใฏ ("in Japan") or ใใใใฎ ใใซใงใฏ ("in my country"): ใซใปใใงใฏ ใใใใใใคใซ ใใใกใ ใในใพใใ "In Japan, people eat rice cake at New Year." There is no passive needed: the sentence just says "(they) eat". To hedge, add ใใใจใ ใใใใงใ ("it is often the case that...") or ใใใจใ ใใใพใ ("sometimes").
| Pattern | Example |
|---|---|
| place/country + ใงใฏ + verb | ใซใปใใงใฏ ใใใฎ ใชใใง ใใคใ ใฌใใพใใ |
| ใใใจใ ใใใใงใ | ใใใฟใใใซใฏ ใใฐใ ใในใ ใใจใ ใใใใงใใ (Often people eat soba.) |
| ใใใจใ ใใใพใ | ใใใใใใคใซ ใใใฎใ ใใ ใใจใ ใใใพใใ (Sometimes people wear kimono.) |
| comparing countries | ใคใฎใชในใงใฏ ใฏใชในใในใ ใ ใใใงใใใใซใปใใงใฏ ใใใใใใคใ ใ ใใใงใใ |
| "it is said" (recognise) | ใใจ ใใใใฆ ใใพใใ (a passive form: Japanese Grammar covers it) |
3. Giving and receiving: ใใใ, ใใใ, ใใใ
Japanese has three verbs for giving and receiving, chosen by the direction of the gift. All three are used with ใ for the thing and ใซ or ใใ for the other person:
| Verb | Direction | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใพใ (give) | I give to someone else | ใจใใ ใกใซ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใ I gave a friend a present. |
| ใใใใพใ (receive) | I receive from someone | ใจใใ ใกใซ / ใใ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใใพใใใ I received a present from a friend. |
| ใใใพใ (give to me) | someone gives to me (or my side) | ใจใใ ใกใ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใ A friend gave me a present. |
Compare: ใใใ goes out from you, ใใใ comes toward you, and ใใใ is you receiving (the giver takes ใซ or ใใ). The last two can describe the same event from two angles: ใจใใ ใกใ ใใใพใใใ / ใจใใ ใกใซ ใใใใพใใใ You have already seen ใใฆ ใใใพใใ in Chapter 7 (ใใใใฆ ใใใพใใ, "kindly helped me") and ใใฆ ใใใพใใใ in Chapter 5: the same verb, used for favours.
4. The festival year
| Festival | When | What happens |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใใใใค | 1 Jan | shrine visits, ใใใก, ใใจใใ ใพ |
| ใใคใถใ | about 3 Feb | beans are thrown to drive away bad luck |
| ใฒใชใพใคใ | 3 Mar | dolls displayed for girls |
| ใฏใชใฟ | late Mar to Apr | picnics under cherry blossoms |
| ใใฉใใฎ ใฒ | 5 May | children's day, carp streamers |
| ใใชใฐใ | 7 Jul | wishes on paper strips |
| ใใผใ | mid-Aug | remembering ancestors, dancing, travel |
| ใใกใใใ | 15 Nov | children aged 3, 5 and 7 visit shrines |
| ใใใฟใใ | 31 Dec | soba, temple bells at midnight |
๐ฐ Reading โ ใใฟใใฎ
A short text. Kanji appear with the reading in brackets. Read it, then answer the true/false questions below.
ใซใปใใฎ ใใใใใใค
ๆฅๆฌ(ใซใปใ)ใฎ ใใใใใใคใฏ 1ๆ(ใใค)1ๆฅ(ใคใใใก)ใงใใ12ๆ(ใใค)31ๆฅ(ใซใก)ใฎ ใใใฏใใใฐใ ใในใฆใใใฆใใฎ ใใญใ ใใ ใใจใ ใใใใงใใใใใใใใคใซใฏ ใใใกใใใใใ ใในใพใใใฏใคใใใงใซ ใใฃใฆใใใจใใฎ ใญใใใ ใใพใใใใฉใใใกใฏ ใใจใใ ใพใ ใใใใพใใใจใใ ใกใ ใใใใซ ใญใใใใใใ ใใใ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใใใใใใฏ ใพใ ใญใใใใใใ ใใใฆ ใใพใใใ
The Japanese New Year is on 1 January. On the night of 31 December, people often eat soba and listen to the temple bell. At New Year they eat osechi dishes. They go to a shrine and make a wish for the year. Children receive New Year money gifts. It is the custom to send New Year cards to friends and family. I haven't written my New Year cards yet.
Words: ใใญ kane (bell) ยท ใใ kiku (hear, listen) ยท ใญใใใ ใใ negai o suru (make a wish) ยท ใญใใใใใ nengajล (New Year card) ยท ใพใ ใใฆ ใใพใใ mada -te imasen (not yet)
1. The Japanese New Year is on 1 January.
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True: ใใใใใใคใฏ 1ๆ1ๆฅใงใ.
2. On 31 December people often eat osechi dishes.
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False: they often eat soba on 31 December; osechi is for New Year itself.
3. Children receive ใใจใใ ใพ.
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True: ใใฉใใใกใฏ ใใจใใ ใพใ ใใใใพใ.
4. The writer has already written their New Year cards.
Show answer
False: ใพใ ใญใใใใใใ ใใใฆ ใใพใใ (not yet).
๐ Vocabulary โ ใใ
20 key words for customs and festivals. Common kanji appear in brackets.
| # | Japanese | Romaji | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ใใใใใใค (ใๆญฃๆ) | o-shลgatsu | New Year | noun |
| 2 | ใใพใคใ (ใ็ฅญใ) | o-matsuri | festival | noun |
| 3 | ใฏใชใฟ (่ฑ่ฆ) | hanami | flower viewing | noun |
| 4 | ใใใ (ๆก) | sakura | cherry blossom | noun |
| 5 | ใฒใชใพใคใ | hinamatsuri | Doll Festival (3 Mar) | noun |
| 6 | ใใผใ (ใ็) | o-bon | Obon (ancestors' festival) | noun |
| 7 | ใฏใคใใใง (ๅ่ฉฃ) | hatsumลde | first shrine visit of the year | noun |
| 8 | ใใใกใใใใ | osechi ryลri | New Year dishes | noun |
| 9 | ใใจใใ ใพ (ใๅนด็) | o-toshidama | New Year money gift | noun |
| 10 | ใญใใใใใ (ๅนด่ณ็ถ) | nengajล | New Year card | noun |
| 11 | ใใฌใผใณใ | purezento | present | noun |
| 12 | ใใ ใใใ (็ฟๆ ฃ) | shลซkan | custom, habit | noun |
| 13 | ใงใใจใ (ไผ็ตฑ) | dentล | tradition | noun |
| 14 | ใใใใ (่กไบ) | gyลji | event, annual event | noun |
| 15 | ใใใใพใ (็ฅใใพใ) | iwaimasu | celebrate | verb |
| 16 | ใใใใพใ (้ฃพใใพใ) | kazarimasu | decorate, display | verb |
| 17 | ใใใใพใ (่ฟใใพใ) | mukaemasu | welcome; greet | verb |
| 18 | ใใใพใ | agemasu | give (to others) | verb |
| 19 | ใใใใพใ | moraimasu | receive | verb |
| 20 | ใใใพใ | kuremasu | give (to me) | verb |
โ๏ธ Try It Yourself โ ใใใใ ใ
Say each answer out loud first, then click to check.
1. Say "In Japan, people take their shoes off in the entrance hall."
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ใซใปใใงใฏ ใใใใใง ใใคใ ใฌใใพใใ (or: ใฌใ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใ)
2. Say "In this building, the rule is not to smoke."
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ใใฎ ใใฆใใฎใงใฏ ใใฐใใ ใใใชใ ใใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใใพใใ
3. A friend gave you a present. Say it in Japanese, then say that you gave your friend a present.
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ใจใใ ใกใ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใใใใใฏ ใจใใ ใกใซ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใ
4. Hand over a gift when visiting a Japanese house, and say the entry phrase.
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ใใใใพใใพใใใใใใคใพใใชใ ใใฎใงใใใ
5. Greet someone on 1 January, and say "I look forward to this year too."
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ใใใพใใฆ ใใใงใจใใใใใพใใใใจใใ ใใใใ ใใญใใใใพใใ
6. Ask a friend casually "Shall we go to the cherry-blossom viewing?"
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ใฏใชใฟใซ ใใใชใ?