demusic1-6, Exercise 2: Four ways of control

Model answer (check each):

1. The Reichsmusikkammer: a state body that licensed musicians. It affected everyone who worked in music, and shut out Jewish musicians and politically unwelcome people.
2. Dismissals: Jewish and opposed conductors, teachers, performers and critics lost posts at orchestras, opera houses and conservatories, affecting figures such as Bruno Walter and Otto Klemperer.
3. Bans on works: music by Jewish composers, including Mendelssohn, and modernist and jazz music were removed from programmes or restricted, affecting both the dead and the living.
4. Promotion of approved music: folk song, marches and selected classics were encouraged and used for state occasions, shaping what audiences heard.

A fifth: the 1938 exhibition of "degenerate music", which publicly attacked jazz, atonal works and music by Jewish composers.

Always verify the details of any individual case.