defestival1-10, Exercise 1: Inherited, revived or invented

Model answer (one possible set; check each):

1. St Nicholas on 6 December: inherited. A long church record for the saint, and the shoe custom is widely documented. Fairly sure.
2. Rhineland carnival: a mix. Pre-Lent revelry is inherited from the Middle Ages, while the clubs, uniforms and Rosenmontag procession in their present form date from the 1800s (Cologne 1823). Moderately sure.
3. Oktoberfest: invented, with a known date (1810) and a founding event, though it has been reshaped since. Fairly sure.
4. Walpurgis Night in the Harz: a mix. The saint and the witch folklore are old, but the festival visitors see is largely 1900s tourism. Moderately sure.
5. German Unity Day: invented in 1990 with a treaty date. Very sure.
6. Halloween in Germany: invented, or rather imported, from the 1990s. Fairly sure.

Alternatives: Dinner for One (borrowed, ritual from the 1970s), Hamburg's port birthday (invented, on a forged charter), village fairs revived by heritage groups (revived).

Point: the labels depend on which layer you look at, and the confidence depends on the evidence.