Exercise 2 - solution

Ristretto from a double basket: 40 ml from 14 g = 40 / 14 = 2.9, so 1:2.9 (the same as the 20 ml from 7 g single).

180 ml cappuccino with a 25 ml shot: rest = 180 - 25 = 155 ml, split evenly: 77.5 ml milk + 77.5 ml foam.

Compared with equal thirds (60 ml each), the Italian-standard split has a much smaller espresso share (25 of 180 ml, about 14 percent) because it fixes the espresso at 25 ml and splits the rest. The two rules only agree for a small cup of about 75 ml; the sources do not reconcile this for a 180 ml cup (check).